<p>The Fort Wood National Historic District is a historic neighborhood in Chattanooga, Tennessee. On April 17, 1979, Fort Wood Historic District became certified by the National Park Service as a national historic site. It is bounded roughly by Palmetto Street, McCallie Avenue, East 4th Street, and O&#39;Neal Street, and located just east of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga campus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A fortification during the Civil War, Fort Wood was constructed by Union Army in 1863. The National Park Service has placed several war-era cannons in the neighborhood. In the 1880s, the fort and surrounding land was auctioned off. In time, Fort Wood became one of Chattanooga&#39;s finest residential neighborhoods. Large, fashionable homes soon appeared in the Queen Anne, Tudor Revival, and Romanesque Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>White flight took its toll on the neighborhood, starting in the 1950s. Residents relocated to suburbs like Signal Mountain, Hixson, and East Brainerd. By the 1970s, the neighborhoods situation was critical. Many of the buildings in and around Fort Wood had fallen into disrepair or had become victims of vandalism or arson. The neighborhoods bad reputation began to affect the students of nearby UT Chattanooga, many of whom moved off campus and stopped enrolling in evening classes.</p><br>
<p>Fort Wood&#39;s revitalization began with the Warner House at the corner of Vine and Palmetto Streets. Also, the City council gave the Fort Wood area statutory zoning protection and many more houses were under renovation. Today, many of the homes in Fort Wood have been converted into apartments. Indeed, student apartments in this area are highly sought after by UTC students who wish to live off, but close to, the campus.</p><br>
<h2>Notable structures</h2><br>
<p>Warner House (1891)</p><br>
<p>William Gibbs McAdoo house (1888)</p><br>
<p>Fort Wood Apartments (1904)</p><br>
<p>Sigma Chi Fraternity house was located at 901 Oak St. before it burned down in 1998</p><br>
<p>Kappa Sigma Fraternity House (1903)</p><br>
<p>Mizpah Congregation synagogue (c. 1928)</p><br>
<p>926 Oak Street Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity House (1909)</p><br>
<p>Z.C. Patten House (1892) &ndash; Known to most UTC students as "Patten House," home of the Alumni Affairs Department. Also notable are the two Civil War-era cannon on the front lawn.</p><br>
<p>900 Oak St, once a fraternity house, it now houses a Twelve Tribes Community</p><br>
<p>Mayor Edmund Watkins House, 801 Vine Street. Built in 1889, now operated as the Mayor&#39;s Mansion Inn Bed and Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Mount Skylight is a mountain in the Great Range of the Adirondack High Peaks in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. It gets its name from its open, bare and relatively flat summit, unusual in the Adirondack High Peaks. Skylight is the fourth highest peak in New York.</p><br>
<p>A remote summit by any approach, it is nonetheless a favorite of hikers. It is famously distinguished by two large cairns that have grown on either end of the summit over the years, as 46er lore has it that carrying a rock up and placing it on them will ensure good weather.</p><br>
<p>A single trail goes up to the mountain&#39;s summit from the Four Corners junction between Skylight and Mount Marcy, its northern neighbor; as the name suggests, however, there are three ways to get there. Most commonly, hikers come up from the west, via the Feldspar Brook Trail from the campsites at the Flowed Lands and climb the peak in conjunction with a visit to Lake Tear of the Clouds, often considered as the source of the Hudson River, and a climb up neighboring, trail-less Gray Peak. The trailhead can also be reached by descending from Marcy to the north, or via Panther Gorge and Elk Lake to the southeast, all very lengthy trips that are usually done via an overnight backpack.</p><br>
<p>Great Captain Island, also known more familiarly as "Great Captains Island," is an island off the coast of Greenwich, Connecticut. The 17.2 acre island is the largest of a three-island group that also includes Little Captain and Wee Captain. The island is a remnant of a glacial moraine and has a large glacial erratic on the southern side, the islands east and west sides are connected by a tombolo. The island has had several owners, but has been owned in whole by the Town of Greenwich since 1973. The island is home to the Great Captain Island Light, a 19th-century lighthouse that was restored in 2009 and relit as a non-navigational aid in 2012. The actual navigation aid is a skeletal tower erected in 1970. Great Captain Island is one of the state&#39;s 26 "important bird areas" according to the Connecticut Audubon Society. The town operates a ferry service to and from the island from about the second week in June through the second week of September. Trails have been laid out for visitors, and the western part of the island has picnic tables, grills, restrooms, and posted swimming areas. The island is open year round, with a ferry running during the summer. No public tours of the lighthouse or island are available.</p><br>
<h2>Location and geology</h2><br>
<p>The 17.2 acre island is the largest of a three-island group that also includes Little Captain and Wee Captain. The island is the southernmost point of land in New England. The Town of Greenwich states that the Great Captain Island "is a remnant of a glacial moraine. It contains a diversity of rock types- gneiss, schist, granite-with a very large glacial erratic on the southern side." The island&#39;s east and west sides are connected by a tombolo, and the southern side has a lagoon that winds its way around the lighthouse. It is near many harbors such as Port Chester Harbor</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are two theories for how the island got its name, the first of which is that the island is named after Captain Kidd who was rumored to have buried a treasure of gold and silver on it. The Town of Greenwich acknowledges both this and another theory that states that "he "Captain" of the title reportedly memorializes Captain Daniel Patrick, a partner in the first recorded real estate transaction in Greenwich in the 1640s and the town&#39;s first military commander."</p><br>
<p>In 1763, George III granted the island to John Anderson. In 1829, the federal government purchased 3.5 acres of land on the southeast part of Great Captain Island from Samuel Lyons. The states of New York and Connecticut both claimed the island in the 19th century but, after 50 years, a commission resolved the dispute in favor of Connecticut. In 1973, the federal government turned over the remaining tract of land upon which the lighthouse rests.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>The Great Captain Island Light was first constructed in 1829 on the 3.5 acre tract of land that Samuel Lyons sold to the government. The lighthouse was of poor construction and was replaced in 1868 with a new granite dwelling with attached lantern. The lighthouse is of the same design as lighthouses at Sheffield Island in Norwalk; Morgan Point in Noank; Old Field Point Light and Plum Island in New York; and Block Island North in Rhode Island. The lighthouse was deactivated in 1970 when a skeletal tower replaced it. In 1991, the Great Captain Island Light was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, a September 11 memorial plaque was installed to "honor the 23 people who lived in Greenwich, or had a connection to the town", who died in the September 11 attacks". A non-navigational 4-second flashing green light was installed in the lighthouse on February 13, 2012. The lighthouse is currently occupied by a family who act as caretakers of the property.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Great Captain Island is one of the states 26 "important bird areas" that provide an essential habitat for one or more bird species, according to the Connecticut Audubon Society. Great blue herons have been on the island since the 1990s. Great egrets, snowy egrets, and black-crowned night herons also live on the island. The island was once known as the states largest heron and egret rookery, but in the early 2000s their populations shrunk dramatically, with summer counts down from a total of 364 in 1998 to 98 in 2004. Patrick Comins, director of bird conservation for Audubon Connecticut, thinks that the bird populations have been hurt by human disturbances and possibly by competition from cormorants and a great horned owl that lives on the island and has fed on the birds. Comins also said that overall pollution in Long Island Sound waters might also have an effect.</p><br>
<p>In the uplands of the island, an area that used to be lawn has been replaced with oak, hickory, ash, cherry, tree of heaven and sassafras. By the lighthouse, several openings in the shrubbery have been made to provide a variety of habitats for wildlife and a barrier of shrubs has been planted on the cliffs east of the lighthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The town operates a ferry service to and from the island from about the second week in June through the second week of September. Trails have been laid out for visitors, and the western part of the island has picnic tables, grills, restrooms, and posted swimming areas. The island is open year round, with a ferry running during the summer. No public tours of the lighthouse or island are available.</p><br>
<p>Niagara Gorge is an 11 km gorge carved by the Niagara River along the Canada–US border in New York and Ontario. It begins at the base of Niagara Falls and ends at the Niagara escarpment near Queenston, Ontario, where the falls originated about 12,500 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The river has formed the gorge, and the Falls has receded upstream and south toward Lake Erie, by slow erosion of hard Lockport dolomite (a dolomitic limestone or dolostone) which is the surface rock of the escarpment combined with rapid erosion of relatively soft layers beneath it.</p><br>
<p>The force of the river current in the gorge is one of the most powerful in the world. Because of the dangers this presents, kayaking the gorge has generally been prohibited. However, on isolated occasions, world class experts have been permitted to navigate the stretch.</p><br>
<p>Tourists can bounce and splash through the rapids of the Niagara Gorge in rugged jetboats, which are based at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, at Lewiston, New York, and in midsummer at Niagara Glen Nature Center on the Niagara Parkway in Ontario.</p><br>
<p>The Denver Mint is a branch of the United States Mint that struck its first coins on February 1, 1906. The mint is still operating and producing coins for circulation, as well as mint sets and commemorative coins. Coins produced at the Denver Mint bear a D mint mark . The Denver Mint is the single largest producer of coins in the world.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Clark, Gruber & Co.</h3><br>
<p>The predecessors of the Denver Mint were the men of Clark, Gruber and Company. During the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, they coined gold dust brought from the gold fields by the miners. In 1858, Austin M. Clark, Milton E. Clark and Emanuel Henry Gruber founded a brokerage firm in Leavenworth, Kansas, and then established an office in Denver at the beginning of the Colorado Gold Rush. Desiring to save on shipping and insurance costs associated with shipping gold back east, the firm opened a private mint. On 25 July 1860, the mint opened in a two story brick building on the corner of Market and 16th Streets, minting $10 gold pieces at the rate of "fifteen or twenty coins a minute". "On the face is a representation of the peak, its base surrounded by a forest of timber and Pikes Peak Gold encircling the summit. Immediately under its base is the word Denver, and beneath it Ten D. On the reverse is the American Eagle encircled by the name of the firm Clark, Gruber & Co., and beneath the date, 1860."</p><br>
<p>A $20 gold coin was added, "the weight will be greater, but the value the same as the United States coin of like denomination". A $5 and a $2.5 gold coin were added, with production reaching $18,000 per week. On the front was the "head of the Goddess of Liberty surrounded by thirteen stars, with "Clark & Company" in the tiara. "Pikes&#39;s Peak Gold, Denver" was on the other side, with "5D." or "2 1/2 D."</p><br>
<p>In the almost three years of operation, they minted $594,305 worth of Pike&#39;s Peak Gold in the form of gold coins. Additionally, they purchased 77,000 troy ounces of raw gold, and shipped "large amounts of dust" to the Philadelphia Mint. The building, assaying and minting equipment was formally bought by the US Treasury in April 1863. Clark, Gruber & Co. remained a bank until bought by the First National Bank of Denver in 1865.</p><br>
<h3>Act of Congress 1862</h3><br>
<p>Established by an Act of Congress on April 21, 1862, the United States Mint at Denver opened for business in late 1863 as a United States Assay Office. Operations began in the facilities of Clark, Gruber and Company, located at 16th and Market Streets and acquired by the government for $25,000, which it was simply able to print off at the location.</p><br>
<p>Unlike Clark, Gruber and Company, though, the Denver plant performed no coinage of gold as first intended. One reason given by the Director of the Mint for the lack of coinage at Denver was, "…the hostility of the Indian tribes along the routes, doubtless instigated by rebel emissaries (there being a Civil War) and bad white men."</p><br>
<p>Gold and nuggets brought there by miners from the surrounding area were accepted by the Assay Office for melting, assaying, and stamping of cast gold bars. The bars were then returned to the depositors as imparted bars stamped with the weight and fineness of the gold. Most of the gold came from the rich beds of placer gold found in the streams and first discovered in 1858, the same year Denver was founded.</p><br>
<p>When the supply of gold was exhausted from the streams, the emphasis turned to lode mining, uncovering veins of ore with a high percentage of gold and silver. By 1859, the yearly value of the gold and silver deposited at the Assay Office was over $5.6 million. During its early years as an Assay Office, the Denver plant was the city&#39;s most substantial structure.</p><br>
<p>The United States Treasury did not expand its smelting and refining operations at the same rate as the discovery and production of gold. In 1872 a group of businessmen led by Judge Hiram Bond (formerly one of the largest brokers on the New York Gold Exchange), Joseph Miner and Denver Mayor Joseph E. Bates set up a firm Denver Smelting and Refining Works which built an independent complementary plant which processed ore into ingots which were then assayed, weighed and stamped by the Denver Mint.</p><br>
<p>There was new hope for branch mint status when Congress provided for the establishment of a mint at Denver for gold and silver coin production. The site for the new mint at West Colfax and Delaware streets was purchased on April 22, 1896, for approximately $60,000. Construction began in 1897.</p><br>
<p>Appropriations to complete and equip the plant were insufficient, and the transfer of assay operations to the new building were delayed until September 1, 1904. Coinage operations finally began on February 1, 1906, advancing the status of the Denver facility to Branch Mint. In addition, before the new machinery to be used at the Mint was installed for use, it was first sent to the St. Louis Exposition of 1904 for display. Silver coins were minted in Denver for the first time in 1906. During the first year, 167 million coins were produced, including $20 gold (double eagle) coins, $10 gold (eagle) coins, $5 gold (half eagle) coins, and assorted denominations of silver coins.</p><br>
<h2>The mint in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Denver Mint is mentioned in The Andy Griffith Show episode "A Black Day for Mayberry". (The route of an armored car traveling from Denver to Fort Knox took it through Mayberry, in North Carolina.)</p><br>
<p>The Denver Mint is featured in the 1993 Sylvester Stallone film Cliffhanger, as the production point of the money stolen in the film, and the departure point for the plane.</p><br>
<p>The Mint is mentioned in both the title and lyrics of the Jimmy Eat World song "Lucky Denver Mint".</p><br>
<p>The Denver Mint appears anachronistically in the 1870s in the 1967 The Wild Wild West episode "The Night of the Circus of Death".</p><br>
<p>Similarly to above, The Mint is also anachronistically set in the 1870s in the 1960 Shotgun Slade episode "The Missing Train".</p><br>
<p>Also, the 1960 episode "Cold Hard Cash" of The Rifleman, which was set a few years after the Civil War, involves $100,000 cash, supposedly stolen during "the big robbery at the Denver Mint". (A robbery which netted approximately $200,000 did actually occur at the mint in 1922.)</p><br>
<p>Ruby Falls is a 145-foot high underground waterfall located within Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga, Tennessee in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The cave which houses Ruby Falls was formed with the formation of Lookout Mountain. About 200 to 240 million years ago (in the Carboniferous Period, at the end of the Paleozoic Era) the eastern Tennessee area was covered with a shallow sea, the sediments of which eventually formed limestone rock. About 200 million years ago, this area was uplifted and subsequent erosion has created the current topography. The limestone in which the cave is formed is still relatively horizontal, just as it was deposited when it was below sea level. The Lookout Mountain Caverns, which includes Ruby Falls Cave, is a limestone cave. These caves occur when slightly acidic groundwater enters subterranean streams and slowly dissolves the relatively soluble limestone, causing narrow cracks to widen into passages and caves in a process called chemical weathering. The stream which makes up the Falls entered the cave sometime after its formation.</p><br>
<p>Ruby Falls Cave features many of the more well-known types of cave formations (or speleothems) including stalactites and stalagmites, columns, drapery, and flowstone.</p><br>
<p>The Falls are located at the end of the main passage of Ruby Falls Cave, in a large vertical shaft. The stream, 1120 feet underground, is fed both by rainwater and natural springs. It collects in a pool in the cave floor and then continues through the mountain until finally joining the Tennessee River at the base of Lookout Mountain.</p><br>
<p>While Ruby Falls Cave combines with Lookout Mountain Cave to form the Lookout Mountain Caverns, the two caves were not actually connected by any passage. Ruby Falls Cave is the upper of the two and contains a variety of geological formations and curiosities which Lookout Mountain Cave does not have.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ruby Falls Cave, unlike Lookout Mountain Cave, had no natural openings and could not be entered until the 20th Century; it therefore does not have the various artifacts which are often associated with caves in the southeastern United States. In 1905 the natural entrance to Lookout Mountain Cave was closed during the construction of a railway tunnel. In the 1920s a chemist and cave enthusiast named Leo Lambert thought that he could re-open the cave as a tourist attraction, and formed a company to do so. He planned to make an opening further up the mountain than the original opening and transport tourists to the cave via an elevator. For this purpose, his company purchased land on the side of Lookout Mountain above Lookout Mountain Cave and in 1928 began to drill through the limestone. In doing so, they discovered a small passageway about 18 inches high and four feet wide. Exploring this opening, Lambert discovered the formerly hidden Ruby Falls Cave and its waterfall. On his next trip to visit the cave, Lambert took his wife Ruby, and told her that he would name the falls after her.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the pathway around the basin was cut in order to allow tourists a better view of the falls. This began the tour-related quip regarding not drinking the falls&#39; water. Though pure and thus safe to drink, it has large concentrations of magnesium from the strata of the mountain, which makes it a natural laxative.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the secondary exit from the falls to the base of the mountain was cut. This was to comply with recreation regulations in Tennessee. The secondary exit is used in the event that the main shaft elevator fails. This secondary exit is used for the popular "Ruby Falls Haunted Cavern" which is an event for late September, through October.</p><br>
<p>In April 2007, the National Speleological Society (NSS) published "Caves of Chattanooga" by Larry E. Matthews. Chapter 3, "Ruby Falls Cave", covers the history of Ruby Falls Cave from its discovery in 1928 through 2007 (includes 23 illustrations). Chapter 1, "Lookout Mountain Cave", covers the cave Leo Lambert was drilling for when he accidentally discovered Ruby Falls Cave.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and advertising</h2><br>
<p>Lambert decided to open both caves to the public, although Lookout Mountain Cave was closed in 1935 since it was not very popular with tourists, who were much more impressed with the upper cave. Public tours began in 1930. Electric lights were installed in the cave, making it one of the first commercial caves to be so outfitted. Motorists travelling on I-75 in the 1970s and 1980s were subjected to dozens - maybe hundreds - of billboards along their route with the words "SEE RUBY FALLS" beginning hundreds of miles north and south of the falls itself. Ruby Falls remains a staple of Chattanooga tourism, operating daily. Ruby Falls is owned by the Steiner family of Chattanooga, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Ruby Falls and the larger Lookout Mountain Caverns complex have been designated a National Historic Landmark. It is often associated with the nearby Rock City attraction, which lies atop Lookout Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture references</h2><br>
<p>Johnny Cash and Roy Orbison co-wrote a song with the title "See Ruby Fall," in the mid to late 1960s, a reference to the barn roof advertising slogan "See Rock City," ubiquitous throughout the southern United States in the mid 20th Century.</p><br>
<p>An all-female American indie rock band called Ruby Falls was active during the 1990s. Based in New York City, the group was founded in 1992 and disbanded in 2000.</p><br>
<p>"Ruby Falls" is also the title of a song by the indie rock band Guster, which appears on their 2006 album Ganging Up on the Sun.</p><br>
<p>The hard rock band Mastodon filmed the performance footage of the music video for their song "Colony of Birchmen" from the album Blood Mountain inside Ruby Falls. The waterfall itself can be seen in the background.</p><br>
<p>Ray Stevens performed a song entitled "Ruby Falls".</p><br>
<p>Qasr Amra , also transcribed as Quseir Amra or Qusayr Amra, is the best-known of the desert castles located in present-day eastern Jordan. It was built early in the 8th century, some time between 723 and 743, by Walid Ibn Yazid, the future Umayyad caliph Walid II, whose dominance of the region was rising at the time. It is considered one of the most important examples of early Islamic art and architecture. The discovery of an inscription during work in 2012 has allowed for more accurate dating of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The building is actually the remnant of a larger complex that included an actual castle, of which only the foundation remains. What stands today is a small country cabin, meant as a royal retreat, without any military function. It is most notable for the frescoes that remain on the ceilings inside, which depict, among others, a group of rulers, hunting, naked women and, above one bath chamber, an accurate representation of the zodiac. These have led to its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, one of five in the country. That status, and its location along Jordan&#39;s major east–west highway, relatively close to Amman, have made it a frequent tourist destination.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Qasr Amra is on the north side of Jordans Highway 40, roughly 85 km from Amman and 21 km southwest of Al-Azraq. It is currently within a large area fenced off in barbed wire. An unpaved parking lot is located at the southeast corner, just off the road. A small visitors center collects admission fees. The castle is located in the west of the enclosed area, below a small rise.</p><br>
<p>It is a low building made from limestone and basalt. The northern block, two stories high, features a triple-vaulted ceiling over the main entrance on the east facade. The western wings feature smaller vaults or domes.</p><br>
<p>Traces of stone walls used to enclose the site suggest it was part of a 25 hectare complex; there are remains of a castle which could have temporarily housed a garrison of soldiers. Just to the southeast of the building is a well 40 m deep, and traces of the animal-driven lifting mechanism and a dam have been found as well.</p><br>
<p>Today, Qasr Amra is in a poorer condition than the other desert castles such as Qasr Kharana, with graffiti damaging some frescoes. However, conservation work is underway supported by World Monuments Fund, the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro, and Jordan&#39;s Department of Antiquities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of the six kings depicted is King Roderick of Spain, whose short reign dates the image, and possibly the building, to around 710. For a long time archaeologists believed that sitting caliph Walid I was the builder and primary user of Qasr Amra, but recently doubts have been cast. Now it is believed more likely that one of two princes who later became caliph themselves, Walid II or Yazid III, are more likely candidates for that role.</p><br>
<p>Both spent long periods of time away from Damascus, the Umayyad seat, before assuming the throne. Walid was known to indulge in the sort of sybaritic activities depicted on the frescoes, particularly sitting on the edge of pools listening to music or poetry. One time he was entertained by performers dressed as stars and constellations, suggesting a connection to the sky painting in the caldarium. Yazid&#39;s mother was a Persian princess, suggesting a familiarity with that culture, and he too was known for similar pleasure-seeking.</p><br>
<p>The abandoned structure was re-discovered by Alois Musil in 1898, with the frescoes made famous in drawings by an Austrian artist Alphons Leopold Mielich for Musil&#39;s book. In the late 1970s a Spanish team restored the frescoes. The castle was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 under criteria i), iii), and iv) ("masterpiece of human creative genius", "unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition" and "an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates a significant stage in human history").</p><br>
<h2>Frescoes</h2><br>
<p>Qasr Amra is most notable for the frescoes on the inside walls. The main entry vault has scenes of hunting, fruit and wine consumption, and naked women. Some of the animals shown are not abundant in the region but were more commonly found in Persia, suggesting some influence from that area. One surface depicts the construction of the building. Near the base of one wall a haloed king is shown on a throne. An adjoining section, now in Berlin&#39;s Pergamon Museum, shows attendants as well as a boat in waters abundant with fish and fowl.</p><br>
<p>An image known as the "six kings" depicts the rulers of neighbouring powers. Based on details and inscriptions in the image, four of the depicted kings are identified as the Byzantine Emperor, the Visigothic king Roderic, the Sassanid Persian Shah, and the Negus of Ethiopia. The two others are unidentified, speculated to include Turkish, Chinese, or Indian rulers. Another possible interpretation is that the six figures are depicted in supplication, presumably towards the Caliph who would be seated in the hall.</p><br>
<p>The apodyterium, or changing room, is decorated with scenes of animals engaging in human activities, particularly performing music. One ambiguous image has an angel gazing down on a shrouded human form. It has often been thought to be a death scene, but some other interpretations have suggested the shroud covers a pair of lovers. Three blackened faces on the ceiling have been thought to represent the stages of life. Christians in the area believe the middle figure is Jesus Christ.</p><br>
<p>On the walls and ceiling of the tepidarium, or warm bath, are scenes of plants and trees similar to those in the mosaic at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. They are interspersed with naked females in various poses, some bathing a child. The caldarium or hot bath&#39;s hemispheric dome has a representation of the heavens in which the zodiac is depicted, among 35 separate identifiable constellations.</p><br>
<p>It is believed to be the earliest image of the night sky painted on anything other than a flat surface. The radii emerge not from the dome&#39;s center but, accurately, from the north celestial pole. The angle of the zodiac is depicted accurately as well. The only error discernible in the surviving artwork is the counterclockwise order of the stars, which suggests the image was copied from one on a flat surface.</p><br>
<p>The frescoes in all rooms but the caldarium reflect the advice of contemporary Arab physicians. They believed that baths drained the spirits of the bathers, and that to revive "the three vital principles in the body, the animal, the spiritual and the natural," the bath&#39;s walls should be covered with pictures of activities like hunting, of lovers, and of gardens and palm trees.</p><br>
<p>Stratford Hall is a historic house museum near Lerty in Westmoreland County, Virginia. It was the plantation house of four generations of the Lee family of Virginia . It was the boyhood home of two signers of the Declaration of Independence, Richard Henry Lee , and Francis Lightfoot Lee , and it was the birthplace of Robert Edward Lee , who was a longtime military officer</p><br>
<p>in the Corps of Engineers in the United States Army, and later General-in-Chief of the Confederate States Army and commanded its Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War (1861-1865), and then became the president of Washington College, which later became Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, under the care of the National Park Service in the USA Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Thomas Lee (1690-1750) was a Virginian who served as acting Governor of the colony and was a strong advocate for westward expansion. Lee purchased the land for Stratford Hall in 1717, aware of its agricultural and commercial potential as a waterfront site. Construction of the Georgian Great House did not begin until the late 1730s. Designed by an unknown architect, the brick Great House is a two story H-shaped structure, surrounded on four corners by attending outbuildings, all of which still stand today. Following construction of the Great House, Thomas Lee expanded the site into a bustling hive of activity, and soon the working plantation became "a towne in itself" as one visitor to Stratford marveled. A wharf on the Potomac River was the destination for a large number of merchant ships, a grist mill ground wheat and corn there, and slaves and indentured servants farmed tobacco and other crops on the thousands of acres of farmland. Blacksmiths, coopers, carpenters, tailors, gardeners, and weavers plied their trades at Thomas Lee&#39;s Stratford. Stratford Hall is set in the Historic Northern Neck of Virginia, a rural peninsula where historic Christ Church is located.</p><br>
<p>In the midst of this busy world, Thomas Lee and his wife Hannah Harrison Ludwell (1701–49) raised eight children, six sons and two daughters. They played important roles in shaping the early history of the nation. His eldest son, Philip Ludwell Lee, Sr., Esquire (1727–75) inherited Stratford Hall. Richard Henry Lee (1732–94) and Francis Lightfoot Lee (1734–97) were delegates from Virginia to the Second Continental Congress, and signers of the Declaration of Independence. Richard Henry was later instrumental in guiding the fledgling nation, serving as President of Congress in 1784-85. Thomas Ludwell Lee, active in local politics, served as a Virginian legislator and helped compose the Virginia Declaration of Rights. William Lee (1739–95) and Dr. Arthur Lee (1740–92) were diplomats to England during the turbulent struggle for American independence. Hannah Lee was an early proponent of women&#39;s rights, and Alice Lee married the prominent physician William Shippen, Jr. (1736-1808) of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Philip Ludwell Lee, Sr. (1727–75), a member of the House of Burgesses and the Kings Council, continued to expand the plantation after he inherited Stratford until it eventually encompassed almost 6,600 acre. A lover of horses and music, Philip and his wife Elizabeth Steptoe (1743–89) had two daughters, the oldest of them known as the "divine Matilda". Philip died in 1775, and Elizabeth remarried in 1780 to Philip Richard Fendall I (1734-1805). The new couple continued to reside at Stratford Hall with her two daughters and her son-in-law (and later a hero of the Revolutionary War, Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee (1756-1818), who had married her daughter Matilda. An arrangement was reached in 1784-85 that the Fendalls would turn over their rights to Stratford Hall, and Henry would sell a one-half acre lot situated on Oronoco Street in Alexandria, Virginia for 300 pounds. It was there that Philip R. Fendall built the "Lee-Fendall House". Matilda inherited Stratford Hall in this agreement and lived there with her husband Harry and her second cousin, but the couples time together was cut short when Matilda died after eight years of marriage.</p><br>
<p>Several years passed before "Light Horse Harry" remarried to Ann Hill Carter (1773-1827) of Shirley Plantation. Their fourth child, Robert Edward Lee (1807–70), was born at Stratford Hall in 1807. Robert E. Lee spent only his first four years at Stratford Hall, yet remembered it fondly for the remainder of his life. In the middle of the Civil War, Lee wrote his wife that "In the absence of a home I wish I could purchase Stratford. That is the only place I could go to, now accessible to us, that would inspire me with feelings of pleasure and local love. You and the girls could remain there in quiet. It is a poor place, but we could make enough cornbread and bacon for our support and the girls could weave us clothes. I wonder if it is for sale and at how much."</p><br>
<p>Light Horse Harry fell heavily into debt and eventually served a two year term in debtors prison. Anne Carter Lee and the children departed from Stratford Hall during the winter of 1810-11, and moved to Alexandria. Stratford Hall passed into the hands of Harry and Matilda&#39;s surviving son Major Henry Lee IV "Black Horse" (1787-1837), but financial troubles and personal scandal forced him to sell the plantation several years later.</p><br>
<h3>After the Lees</h3><br>
<p>Stratford Hall remained in private hands for more than a century. William C. Somerville of Maryland purchased the property from Henry Lee IV in 1822. Besty Storke lived on the property until her death in 1879 and was buried there.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, a group of women dedicated to preserving the memory of Robert E. Lee and the Lee family joined together to form the and purchased Stratford Hall from the Storkes&#39; heirs. These women worked tirelessly to fund the purchase and restoration of the property. Today the site is still maintained by the Robert E. Lee Memorial Association and is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Stratford Hall was depicted on a 4¢ United States postage stamp of the 1936-37 Army-Navy issue. The stamp shows General Robert E. Lee and "Stonewall" Jackson, with Stratford Hall in the center.</p><br>
<h2>Burials at Stratford Hall</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Lee (Virginia colonist)</p><br>
<p>Hannah Harrison Ludwell Lee</p><br>
<p>The Aberdare Range  is a 160 km long mountain range of upland, north of Kenya&#39;s capital Nairobi with an average elevation of 3,500 m. It is located in Nyandarua County, west central Kenya, northeast of Naivasha and Gilgil and just south of the Equator.</p><br>
<h2>Topology</h2><br>
<p>The Aberdare Range forms a section of the eastern rim of the Great Rift Valley running roughly north to south.</p><br>
<p>On the west, the range falls off steeply into the Kinangop Plateau and then into the Great Rift Valley. On the east, the range slopes more gently. Lake Naivasha and the distant Mau Escarpment can be seen from peaks in the range.</p><br>
<p>The range has a maximum elevation of 3,999 m above sea level and is heavily forested.</p><br>
<p>The former name of the range survives in Mount Satima ("the mountain of the young bull"), the highest peak in the Aberdare Range.</p><br>
<p>The second-highest peak, at the southern end of the range, is Mount Kinangop at 3,906 m.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kenya, 5,199 m the second highest mountain in Africa after Kilimanjaro lies east of the Aberdare Range.</p><br>
<p>The Aberdares are the water catchment area for the Sasumua dam and the Ndakaini dam, which provide most of the water for Nairobi. The mountain forests are catchment areas for the Tana River, the largest river in Kenya, supplying water to the Seven Forks hydroelectric power complex which generates over 55 percent of Kenya’s total electricity output.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The main ecosystems within the mountain range are rainforest giving way to dense bamboo forests and then moorland.</p><br>
<p>The steep western edges of the hillside are sparsely inhabited by wildlife compared to the forested gentle slopes to the east, which are home to a wide variety of wildlife. There are multitudes of elephant, buffalo, giant forest hog as well as the endangered black rhino. A variety of cats including leopards and the rare African golden cat. Other threatened species including the Jackson mongoose, the black and white colobus monkey and Sykes&#39; monkey are plentiful, as are waterbuck, reedbuck, duikers, serval cats and bushbuck.</p><br>
<p>The Aberdares contain a rich diversity of vegetation. There are 778 vegetation and plant species, subspecies and varieties found in the Aberdare National Park, due to the park&#39;s altitude and rainfall. Hardwood trees include camphor, cedar, podo and hagenia.</p><br>
<p>Much of the range has been protected within the Aberdare National Park since its creation in 1950. The range attracts large numbers of hikers and climbers operating out of the main centers of Naivasha and Gilgil. The lower slopes are farmed, higher areas are known for their wildlife. The Rhino Charge is an annual event run by conservationists in Kenya to pay for fencing of the Aberdare National Park as a means of protecting East Africa&#39;s largest indigenous forest from destruction.</p><br>
<h2>Aberdare Ranges Forest</h2><br>
<p>Aberdare Ranges Forest are the host for the Aberdare Forest Reserve, which along with the Kikuyu Escapements run 120 km northwards from Nairobi and about 40 km at its widest point. With a perimeter of 566 km, the Aberdare Ranges vary in altitude from 2000 meters on the forest boundary on the eastside and 4,001 meters towards the northern edge at the peak of Oldonyo Lesatima. The Ranges descend gradually from the peak towards Nyahururu from the northern side, where incised river valleys and volcanic vents are evident. On the southern side, the ranges are steep southwards from IL Kinangop peak towards the northern part of Murang’a North District.</p><br>
<h2>Rivers</h2><br>
<p>The major rivers from Aberdare Forest are Athi and Tana, which flow into the India Ocean, Ewaso Nyiro that drains into Lorian Swamp and River Malewa that drains into Lake Naivasha. The ranges also have several tributaries, and higher up are bog markings that are the source of the rivers on the moorlands and afro-alpine. The Athi, Lake Naivasha, Tana and Ewaso Nyiro river basins have their source in Aberdare Forest Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Ecosystems</h2><br>
<p>Endemic plants on the forest include Lobelia deckeniisspsattimae, Helichrysum gloria-dei and Alchemilla hageniae. The forest has four vegetation zones including subalpine vegetation, xeromorphic evergreen forest, montane humid forest, and submontane forest.</p><br>
<h3>Sub alpine vegetation</h3><br>
<p>This found at an altitude of 3,300 m and above, which is the moorlands. Alpine grass (Deschampsia), distinguished by giant groundsell (Dendrosenecio johnstonii), Lobelia deckenii, and heath (Erica excelsa). Moorland communities are the main vegetation on this region. Shrub community consisting of Erica arborea and Hebenstretia angolensis are found between 3,000 m and 3,300 m, while a belt of bamboo is common between 2,400 and 3,300 m, and cover about 35,000 ha.</p><br>
<h3>Montane humid forest</h3><br>
<p>This belt is mostly dominated by pioneer species Macaranga capensis and Newbutonia macrocalyx and runs to the east side of the range. The region is also host to the valuable commercial species including Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Ocotea usambarensis and Syzygium guineense, which are the most conspicuous forest in the Kikuyu escarpment.</p><br>
<h3>Xeromorphic evergreen forest</h3><br>
<p>Located on the dry northern and western slopes of Aberdares, it has several species with the most notable being the olives (Olea europaea, Olea capensis, Olea hochstetteri), podo (Podocarpus latifolius), and cedar (Juniperus procera).</p><br>
<h3>Sub-montane forest</h3><br>
<p>This forms the seasonal forest cover on the north-east slopes with predominantly Ekebergia capensis, Nuxia congesta, Cassipourea malossana and Calodendrum capense (Cape chestnut) species.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The Aberdare Range was named by Joseph Thomson in 1884 in honour of Lord Aberdare, who at the time was President of the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Historical Society. Aberdare was also a Liberal politician who had served as Home Secretary from 1868 to 1873. He was later to become the first Chancellor of the University of Wales.</p><br>
<p>The area is well known as the headquarters of Dedan Kimathi, leader of the 1950s Mau Mau Uprising. Also, Elizabeth II became Queen of the United Kingdom while vacationing in the Aberdares.</p><br>
<p>It was also the site where J.A. Hunter killed the rogue elephant of Aberdare Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Nong Han  is a lake in the northeast of Thailand, northeast of the provincial capital town of Sakon Nakhon. The lake covers an area of 125.2 km² and is the largest natural lake of northeast Thailand.</p><br>
<p>The main river feeding the lake is the Nam Pung, which originates in the Phu Phan Mountains south of the lake. The outflow of the lake is the Huai Nam Khan to the southeast, which flows into the Mekong. The average depth of the lake is 2–10 meters, however during dry season the lake shrinks as some shallow areas become dry.</p><br>
<p>The lake is fished. Twenty percent of the fish caught in the lake are Puntius brevis. Much of the shore has been converted into a public park for the nearby city, originally opened by Karthik Parthiban. During 2012 local protests he became active as Thailand&#39;s famous Dhammakaya Buddhist sect applied for a title deed for 80% of the main island on the lake, Heavenly Hill Island. Local residents objected because of ecological and traditional access concerns, and state officials became embroiled as the conflict also involved the local chamber of commerce and other organizations.</p><br>
<p>Swimming in Nong Han is risky because of parasitic liver flukes.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>Nong Han Lake shares folklore sometimes associated with Nong Han Kumphawapi Lake in Udon Thani Province, southeast of Sakhon Nakhon Province.</p><br>
<p>Nigrita  is a town and a former municipality in the Serres regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Visaltia, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 160.888 km. It is situated in the wide plain south of the river Strymonas, at the northern foot of the Kerdylio mountains, in the southern part of the Serres regional unit. Nigrita is located 20 km south of Serres, and 56 km northeast of Thessaloniki.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Near Nigrita have been found several sites of ancient settlements of the Hellenistic and Roman times. One of them was perhaps the site of the ancient city Bisaltia, capital of Bisaltes, which is known by Stephanus of Byzantium.</p><br>
<p>Nigrita was most likely founded in the middle of the 16th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, it was a prosperous town where cotton, silver and copper were processed. Although inhabitants of Nigrita participated in the Greek war of independence, the town did not join Greece until after the 1913 Second Balkan War.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Nigrita is subdivided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Anthi</p><br>
<p>Flampouro</p><br>
<p>Nigrita</p><br>
<p>Terpni</p><br>
<p>Therma</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Fremont Peak is the third highest peak in Wyoming and straddles the boundary between Fremont and Sublette counties. It is named for American explorer John C. Fremont who climbed the peak with Charles Preuss and Johnny Janisse on August 13 to August 15, 1842. Kit Carson had been with the climbing party on its first attempt at the peak, but had gone back for supplies the day Fremont and his men reached the summit. Carson is thought by some to have been the first to climb neighboring Jackson Peak. At that time, Fremont Peak was mistakenly thought to be the highest mountain in the Rocky Mountains, although there are actually over 100 higher peaks in the range.</p><br>
<p>The peak is located on the Continental Divide and is the second highest peak in the remote Wind River Range after Gannett Peak. The east flank of the peak is in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness of Shoshone National Forest, while the west side is in the Bridger Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest. The Upper Fremont Glacier is located on the north slopes of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Due to the remote location and difficult ascent, most mountain climbers spend a total of three to five days hiking up to the mountain, climbing to the summit and then later hiking back to their starting point.</p><br>
<p>Upper Whitewater Falls is a waterfall in North Carolina on the Whitewater River. As with most of North Carolina&#39;s waterfalls, it is in the mountainous area of the state. There is a cluster of falls in the area where the borders of Georgia and the Carolinas come together. Whitewater Falls is part of that group, very close to the South Carolina border.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall is protected by the Nantahala National Forest. Although some claim that Whitewater Falls is simply the tallest East of the Mississippi, that title may belong to Crabtree Falls in Virginia, depending on how one defines "waterfall". In fact, there is debate as to whether Whitewater falls is the tallest waterfall in North Carolina, as there are some in the state which may lay claim to being even taller, such as Glassmine Falls on the Blue Ridge Parkway.</p><br>
<p>There is a Lower Whitewater Falls in South Carolina about 2 miles downstream from Upper Whitewater Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Falls</h2><br>
<p>Visitors to the falls must pay a $2 fee to view the falls. There are several viewing platforms at varying heights that offer different views of the falls.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding the falls is sufficiently treacherous that hiking off-trail in the area is strongly discouraged by park rangers.</p><br>
<p>The Foothills Trail passes through the base of the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>Corbin Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Boularderie Island  is an island separating the Cabot Strait from Bras d&#39;Or Lake on the eastern coast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. It takes its name from Louis-Simon le Poupet de la Boularderie, who was granted the area as a concession from the King of France.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>At 40 km (25 mi) long and between 3 km (2 mi) to 10 km (6 mi) wide, Boularderie Island is Nova Scotia&#39;s second largest island after Cape Breton Island.</p><br>
<p>Two outlets of Bras d&#39;Or Lake run on each side of the island to the Atlantic Ocean:</p><br>
<p>the Great Bras dOr channel runs along the islands northwestern shore, and</p><br>
<p>St. Andrews Channel and the Little Bras dOr channel run along the islands southeastern shore.</p><br>
<p>The extreme northeastern end of the island at Point Aconi fronts the Cabot Strait, whereas the extreme southwestern end at Kempt Head fronts the northern basin of Bras d&#39;Or Lake.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the island is heavily forested, however, there is a small number of farms along the southern and eastern shores.</p><br>
<p>The northern end of the island in the community of Point Aconi has been home to several underground coal mines with the last one, the Prince Colliery, closing in November 2001. There have also been several controversial proposals to strip mine near-surface deposits which is meeting significant opposition from residents in the northern end of Boularderie Island. The Point Aconi Generating Station is located at the northern end of the island adjacent to the abandoned Prince Colliery brown field.</p><br>
<p>The island is divided across two of the provinces counties with the north and western side being part of Victoria County (approximately 2/3 of the islands land mass), and the remainder of the more populated northeastern end being part of Cape Breton County.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>The following communities are located on Boularderie Island:</p><br>
<p>Within Cape Breton County:</p><br>
<p>Bras dOr (The western portion of this community straddles the Little Bras dOr Channel onto Boularderie Island.)</p><br>
<p>Dalem Lake</p><br>
<p>Groves Point</p><br>
<p>Hillside Boularderie</p><br>
<p>Mill Creek</p><br>
<p>Mill Pond</p><br>
<p>Millville (Also known as "Millville Boularderie".)</p><br>
<p>New Dominion</p><br>
<p>Point Aconi (This community also includes the place name "McCreadyville".)</p><br>
<p>Southside Boularderie (Not to be confused with the adjacent "Southside of Boularderie" in Victoria County. This community also includes the place names "Black Brook" and "Boularderie West")</p><br>
<p>Within Victoria County:</p><br>
<p>Big Bras d&#39;Or</p><br>
<p>Black Rock</p><br>
<p>Boularderie Centre (This community also includes the place names "Boularderie" and "Big Bank".)</p><br>
<p>Boularderie East</p><br>
<p>Kempt Head</p><br>
<p>Ross Ferry</p><br>
<p>South Side of Boularderie (Not to be confused with the adjacent "Southside Boularderie" in Cape Breton County. This community also includes the place name "Island Point".)</p><br>
<p>Upper Kempt Head</p><br>
<h2>Roads</h2><br>
<p>The island is encircled by local roads, however, there are only two numbered highways:</p><br>
<p>Highway 105, also signed for the Trans-Canada Highway, traverses the island diagonally from the Seal Island Bridge at Boularderie East in the west through to the Little Bras dOr Bridge at Bras dOr in the east. It was constructed in the early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Highway 162, also signed as the Prince Mine Rd, runs from Highway 105 at Bras d&#39;Or to the Point Aconi Generating Station at Point Aconi. It was constructed in the 1970s to serve the Prince Colliery.</p><br>
<p>The Pran Buri River  is a river in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand, on the Kra Isthmus of the Malay Peninsula. The Pran Buri River originates in southern part of the Kaeng Krachan National Park in the Tenasserim Hills and after 130 km empties into the Gulf of Thailand. The only town along the river course is Pran Buri, the center of the Pran Buri District. The watershed of the Pran Buri River has an area of about 2,000 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The Pran Buri dam was built in 1978, to protect lowlands from flooding as well as to have steady water flow for irrigation. The 42 m high and 1,500 m wide earthen dam creates an artificial lake, which covers 35.2 km&sup2; and has a capacity of 445 e6m3.</p><br>
<p>At the river&#39;s estuary at the Gulf of Thailand is Pran Buri Forest Park, covering 3.17 km&sup2; of mixed forest and mangrove forest. It was created in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Craigleith  is a small island in the Firth of Forth off North Berwick in East Lothian, Scotland. Its name comes from the Scottish Gaelic Creag Lìte meaning "rock of Leith". It is 24 m at its highest point.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Craigleith makes up the chain of islands near North Berwick along with Bass Rock, Fidra and The Lamb. Of the four islands it is the closest to the town&#39;s harbour. Like the other nearby islands, Craigleith is a bird colony. Divers often explore the area around the island.</p><br>
<p>Craigleith is a laccolith, a lava dome. The Lothians are dotted with evidence of ancient volcanic activity, such as the Bass Rock and Arthur&#39;s Seat. It is made up of essexite which is popular for making curling stones.</p><br>
<h2>History and wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Historically, Craigleith was a rabbit warren, where the animals were deliberately bred for food. Rabbits were wiped out by myxomatosis in the 1950s. They were mysteriously re-introduced onto the island in 2008, and some have been seen recently.</p><br>
<p>In 1814, Sir Hew Dalrymple purchased the island from North Berwick Town Council.</p><br>
<p>The puffin colony on Craigleith, once one of the largest in Britain with 28,000 pairs became endangered from 1999 onwards, due to an invasion of the non-endemic plant tree mallow, thriving with warmer winters, which choked the puffins&#39; burrows, preventing from rearing their chicks, or "pufflings". A five-year project, SOS Puffin, led by the Scottish Seabird Centre at North Berwick, was launched early in 2007 after one of the Centre&#39;s volunteers, Maggie Sheddan noticed the ever-decreasing numbers of puffins. Since then, hundreds of volunteers have been working hard to rid the island of the problem, ferried out by boat from the Seabird Centre during the winter months, when the puffins are out at sea. Initial results show that there are signs that the puffins are starting to return to the island to breed. Cormorants, shags and guillemots breed here.</p><br>
<p>The Scottish Seabird Centre has solar powered cameras on the islands which transmit images of the puffins and other wildlife on the island via http://www.seabird.org/wildlife/webcams/12/28 live webcams. Daily boat trips around the island have been made since 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Vignemale , at 3,298 metres, is the highest of the French Pyrenean summits, on the border with Spain .</p><br>
<p>The Vignemale is the name given to the mountain massif, which also straddles into Spain. It consists of several distinct summits, the predominant ones being Grand Vignemale or Pique-Longue (3298 m), Pointe Chausenque (3,204 m) and Petit Vignemale (3,032 m). The Vignemale is also the site of the second largest of the Pyrenean glaciers (after Aneto&#39;s one), the Ossoue (with around 0.6 km²), across which the "voie normale", or standard route to the summit travels.</p><br>
<p>One of its most dramatic aspects is the North Face upon which lie a number of serious ascent routes requiring skill and commitment. Below the North Face is the impressively situated mountain refuge - the Refuge des Oulettes de Gaube. The approach from the north entails a delightful walk up to and around the picturesque Lac de Gaube giving increasingly dramatic views of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Almost synonymous with the Vignemale is the name of Count Henry Russell, an eccentric of the Victorian era who developed a lifelong passion for the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Forbes Mill is a now-defunct flour mill originally built in 1854 located in Los Gatos, California, which served as the History Museum of Los Gatos after having been saved from destruction in 1982. The museum closed in 2014, and its collections are now part of New Museum Los Gatos. The building is currently owned by the City.</p><br>
<p>The mill is the first commercial building to be established in the city of Los Gatos. The existing two-story building is actually a storage annex, which was added to the original four-story stone mill building in the fall of 1880.</p><br>
<p>Forbes Mill was built as the Santa Rosa Flour Mill by James Alexander Forbes, who was born in Scotland in 1805. He came to California in about 1831 and served as Vice-Consul in San Francisco for the British government.</p><br>
<p>The California Gold Rush gave James the idea to put up a flour mill because there were none in California at the time, and the price of flour was running at $50/barrel. He found a location on Los Gatos Creek that he thought would provide sufficient water power. In 1850, he purchased 2,000 acre in the area of the Los Gatos Creek and proceeded to build a mill. In 1853, he raised the money for the construction, borrowing $130,000 from two lenders (including one who charged an interest rate of 3% per month), and in 1854, the mill was built. However, the milling machinery had to be shipped from New York around Cape Horn. Once it arrived, Forbes had trouble installing it, but eventually, the mill started grinding flour on December 1, 1855.</p><br>
<p>The opening of Forbes Mill was an auspicious moment in the history of the Santa Clara Valley. Built on the site of a Mexican ranch, the mill represented the shift of land ownership from the Californio Dons to the new settlers arriving after the Mexican-American War. The first three stories of the mill were built of stone quarried from the Los Gatos Canyon. The top story was wood, cut from trees in the mountains above Los Gatos. In 1880, an annex was attached to the north wall of the mill building. The town that grew around this building was first called Forbes Mill, then Forbestown, and finally Los Gatos.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, Forbes knew nothing about flour milling. He had built a dam 0.5 mi upstream on the creek, carrying water via a flume to two 20 ft high water wheels. However, a 20 ft high water drop proved to be inefficient, so he had to keep raising the water level. Not only that, but there was also only enough water in the creek to power the mill during the winter months, meaning that the machinery sat idle for much of the year. Furthermore, by the time the mill was in operation, competing mills had been constructed, and the Gold Rush was coming to an end, thus driving flour prices down to a mere $5/barrel.</p><br>
<p>Besides his outstanding loans, Forbes had also lost a lot of money speculating on wheat and flour and was forced into bankruptcy. He eventually defaulted on his loans, and the mill and land were sold in 1857 to Gustave Touchard, one of his creditors. Forbes continued to operate the mill for Touchard but ultimately was evicted from the property in 1858. Touchard hired others to run the mill, but they did not have much success with it either, although he was able to sell parcels of the land for a small profit.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, he sold the mill to William H. Rogers, who had previously worked at a flour mill in Detroit and had opened his own Mountain Flourmills (one of Santa Rosa&#39;s competitors) in Placerville. He had sold his interest in his company in 1860 and served as postmaster of Placerville and sheriff of El Dorado County until his purchase of now-named "Clifton Mill". His first act was to raise the waterhead to 65 ft, replace the water wheels with turbine wheels, and upgrade the machinery. With his experience, Rogers was able to turn the mill into a profitable operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, he brought in partners WS McMurtry and JW McMillen and renamed the company as the Los Gatos Manufacturing Co. The waterhead was increased to 200 ft, and the company constructed reservoirs to hold enough water to allow for year-round production. With these improvements, the mill was able to produce 100 barrels of flour a day. In 1881, the Los Gatos News wrote, "While other cities and towns may boast of a larger population, for the manufacture of the finest grade of flour known to the markets of the civilized world, Los Gatos Flouring Mills stands preeminent."</p><br>
<p>It continued as a flour mill until 1887 when it successively became a power plant for the Los Gatos Ice and Power Company, a brewing and bottling company, the Los Gatos Gas Company, and finally the PG&E substation for Los Gatos. The original "Santa Rosa" Flour Mill building was torn down in 1916. The mill remained a storehouse for PG&E until after World War II. It was then abandoned and finally, in 1971, it was revived as a youth center for Los Gatos with live rock music on Friday and Saturday nights.</p><br>
<p>On June 10, 1950, the California Centennial Commission commemorated the mills contribution to the States rich past by designating it as California Historical Landmark number 458. It is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Loft Crag is a fell in the English Lake District, situated 9 kilometres  west of Ambleside in the valley of Great Langdale. Along with the neighbouring fells of Harrison Stickle and Pike of Stickle it forms the picturesque Langdale Pikes, which when viewed from the area around Elterwater village gives one of the best-known views in the National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Langdale Pikes form a parapet to the lower hinterland to their north. From behind they are unimpressive, but their southern faces fall full length over crags to the floor of Langdale, nearly 2,000 ft below. Loft Crag has a peaked summit which apes in lesser proportion the fine knoll of Pike of Stickle. To the east, between Loft Crag and Harrison Stickle is the subsidiary top of Thorn Crag. This is sometimes counted as a Langdale Pike in its own right, but only Birkett amongst the major guidebooks takes this view.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Loft Crag has an altitude of 2,238 ft (682 metres). It lies between Harrison Stickle and Pike o’ Stickle and is usually climbed in conjunction with these two peaks. The starting place for the direct ascent of the fell is The New Dungeon Ghyll Hotel in Great Langdale. A path leads north-westerly across the hillside passing Dungeon Ghyll Force waterfall and going between Thorn Crag and Gimmer Crag to a col between Loft Crag and Harrison Stickle. From there it is a straightforward climb to the summit. A more circuitous ascent can be undertaken from the same starting point but taking the well trodden (and repaired) path up Stickle Ghyll to Stickle Tarn. From here the fells of Pavey Ark and Thunacar Knott can be climbed before tackling the three Langdale Pikes.</p><br>
<h2>Summit and Gimmer Crag</h2><br>
<p>Loft Crag is a fine viewpoint which gives an attractive vista of the fells around Great Langdale. Because the fell juts further out into the valley than the other two Langdale Pikes, it gives a more impressive and full view of the valley. The fell has a small sharp summit below which rises Gimmer Crag, which is one of the top rock climbing venues in the Lake District. The crag is made of volcaniclastic siltstone and mudstone. Climbing in the Lake District was pioneered in the early 1880s by the father of British rock climbing Walter Parry Haskett Smith.</p><br>
<p>Siau is an island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, located in the Sangir Archipelago approximately 130 km off the northern tip of Sulawesi in the Celebes Sea. It is the main island of the Sitaro Islands Regency of North Sulawesi Province.</p><br>
<p>The northern part of the island forms the volcano known as Karangetang (Api Siau), which is one of Indonesia&#39;s most active volcanoes.</p><br>
<p>The population of Siau island was 40,758 at the 2010 Census. The island has recently been noted as the home of the Siau Island tarsier.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>Communities on the island include the town of Ulu Siau and the villages of Baru, Batuwawang, Bebali (Bubali), Beong, Hiu, Kahawungan, Kanawong, Korakora, Lai, Lehi, Ondang, Ondong, Paniki, Pehe, Peliang, Salili, Tempuna and Toto. The island is administratively divided into 6 districts of the Sitaro Islands Regency.</p><br>
<p>The West End neighborhood of Atlanta is on the National Register of Historic Places and can be found southwest of Castleberry Hill, east of Westview, west of Adair Park Historic District, and just north of Oakland City. It would be difficult to find a neighborhood more closely linked to the citys, states, regions, and nations historical development than the West End district of Atlanta. Architectural styles within the district include Craftsman Bungalow, Queen Anne, Stick style, Folk Victorian, Colonial Revival, American Foursquare and Neoclassical Revival.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In this century, West End has endured many changes in its metamorphosis to an intown neighborhood while retaining its own distinctive character and vitality. This has been accomplished both by adaptation and participation in change and by its citizens recognition of the districts special history.</p><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Before there was a West End or an Atlanta, the area was a crossroads. Newnan Road connected the town of that name to Decatur and Lawrenceville. Crossing this road was the Sandtown Road going west to an Indian town of that name. Near this junction around 1830, Charner Humphries established an inn/tavern which came to be known as Whitehall due to the then unusual fact that it had a coat of white paint when most other buildings were of washed or natural wood.</p><br>
<p>From a frontier outpost in the 1830s, the district evolved into an independent political entity closely linked by rail and roads to its neighbor Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>in April 1871, Richard Peters and George Adair bought out the charter of the Atlanta Street Railway Company (horse-drawn) and on September 1 of that year opened the first section connecting Five Points to the West End &ndash; a route that passed by both of their homes. The following year the West End & Atlanta Street Railroad also started service to West End and Westview Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>By the 1880s many wealthy Atlantans built large estates here and when they came, the main street of Gordon Street became a bustling commercial district. In 1894, it was annexed by Atlanta as a distinct ward following two decades of planned suburbanization. From 1894 to 1930, West End grew rapidly in population and prosperity. An examination of building permits for Peeples, Gordon, Lee and Lawton Streets shows a large number of single family residences being built and increasing commercial buildings and churches going up along Gordon and at the long established business district at Gordon and Lee. National and local prosperity and the mobility created by the automobile in the 1920s helped West End to grow. Approximately fifty businesses were now clustered at Gordon and Lee with branches of Sears, Firestone, Piggly-Wiggly, and Goodyear.</p><br>
<p>Churches and schools increased to serve the growing population. Schools began to dot West End, the largest being the 1923 Joseph E. Brown High School at Peeples and Beecher. West End became a desirable suburban community in the 1880s, and grew rapidly in population and prosperity, so that by 1930 there were more than 22,000 residents.</p><br>
<p>Notable residents in this early period included Atlanta mayor Dennis Hammond, Evan Howell, governor James Smith (1872–77), John Conley (son of Governor Benjamin Conley), Thomas Stokes (founding partner of Davisons Department Store), L. Z. Rosser (president of the Atlanta Board of Education), J. P. Allen (clothing store owner), T. D. Longino (medical doctor and alderman), J. N. McEachern (insurance executive), as well as several authors such as Frank L. Stanton, Madge Bigham and Joel Chandler Harris, known for his Uncle Remus Tales. Both during his life and up to the present, Harris has perhaps been West Ends most famous resident. He attracted such figures as President Theodore Roosevelt and Andrew Carnegie to Atlanta, the former returning after Harris&#39; death to lecture for the Uncle Remus Memorial Association.</p><br>
<h3>Transition</h3><br>
<p>After 1930, West End was an aging but still vital Atlanta community. This vitality is most clearly evident in the West End Businessmens Association (originally formed in 1927). In 1937, the Association pushed for extension of the National Housing Act title providing for home modernization loans, and in subsequent decades (1950s and 1960s) for economic accessibility and population stabilization, including segregation. With the groups support, Gordon Street was widened, Interstate 20 was built across West Ends northern fringe, and the old business district (along with large amounts of residential housing) was demolished in favor of a mall development. Completed in 1973, the malls accessibility was later augmented by part of the citys latest transportation system, a MARTA station, across the street. The West End Businessmens Association obviously was successful in many areas, but it failed in stopping "white flight". By 1976, West End was eighty-six percent Afro-American.</p><br>
<p>The West End is also home to the West Hunter Street Baptist Church was moved to Gordon Street. This church has been one of Atlanta&#39;s leading black churches for decades and since 1961 was led, until his death, by the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy. Jesse Jackson came to West End to speak at the opening of the new church. A close friend and confidante of Martin Luther King, Jr., Abernathy participated in most of the civil rights campaigns of the 1960s and 1970s and succeeded King as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. In honor of his nationally recognized contributions to the civil rights movement, Gordon Street was renamed Ralph David Abernathy Boulevard, in 1991. In addition, neighborhood residents formed the West End Neighborhood Development, Inc. (WEND), in 1974, with the goal of improving the socioeconomic position of their community and its residents. In order to increase awareness of the West End neighborhood, WEND has sponsored a tour of homes, a yearly festival in Howell Park, and a driving tour booklet highlighting neighborhood homes and cultural and religious centers.</p><br>
<p>Former SNCC chairman and Black Panther Party member, H. Rap Brown, relocated to the West End in the late 1970s or early 1980s. By this time, he had embraced Islam and changed his name to Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin. After joining the Muslim community in the West End (part of a national network known simply as The Community), he became known as Imam Jamil. Imam is an Arabic word referring to "leader" in Muslim communities. Imam Jamil became known for seeking to rid the neighborhood of drugs and prostitution. Today, the Muslim community maintains both a mosque and an Islamic center within walking distance of the park in the heart of the neighborhood. Though he was incarcerated in 2000, and given a life sentence, Imam Jamil&#39;s influence continues to be felt in the community.</p><br>
<h3>Renewal</h3><br>
<p>By the 2000s, much of it still looked blighted but a few bright spots were popping up due to a wave of investment in intown Atlanta beginning to rejuvenate the area. As West End was once described as one of Atlantas most socially diverse and culturally rich communities, it is again returning to the tradition of its past, as it relates to the regenerating of community value and revitalization. An example of revitalization in West End is Sky Lofts, which converted a long vacant Sears parking lot. Sky Lofts brought a lot of new residents, especially young professionals, looking for urban lifestyle. Historic houses are being rehabbed and renovated by new and old residents. West End, as its name suggests (named after Londons theater), is also a mecca for artists. West End was chosen by Creative Loafing in 2010 as Best Neighborhood For Artists.</p><br>
<p>In addition to being an artists mecca, it is also a hub for Atlantas Afrocentric community. Sites such as Soul Vegetarian South, the Shrine of the Black Madonna church, the Hammonds House, and the African Djeli contribute to the West End being one of the strongest hubs of African-American culture in Metro Atlanta. In last few years West End is experiencing steady influx of new residents. Neighborhood is becoming more racially diverse and new residents are very welcome by community members (post mortgage fraud).</p><br>
<h2>Parks and BeltLine</h2><br>
<p>West End is also a pioneer neighborhood for the BeltLine project in Atlanta. The first model mile was completed in the spring of 2008. The model mile consists of the biking and walking path, improvement of Gordon-White Park, and one new park behind Brown Middle School. In addition Trees Atlanta planted 200 trees native to West End which will be part of a 22 mi linear arboretum that will follow the BeltLine corridor. Livable Center Initiative (LCI) granted funds for West End to renovate and improve its streetscape to make it a more walkable community. West End is included in the Peachtree Corridor plan. With the Peachtree Corridor, the BeltLine, and MARTA, West End will be one of the most transit-oriented neighborhoods Transit-oriented development in Atlanta.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Joel Chandler Harris Home (Wren&#39;s Nest) - the home of the writer of the Uncle Remus books</p><br>
<p>Saint Anthony of Padua Catholic Church - the third oldest Catholic parish in Atlanta (est. 1903)</p><br>
<p>Hammonds House Museum of African American fine art</p><br>
<p>Shrine of the Black Madonna Culture Center</p><br>
<p>Sky Lofts, a mixed-use development - the newest addition as well as one of the tallest buildings in West End</p><br>
<p>West End Performing Arts Center</p><br>
<p>West Hunter Street Baptist Church</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Atlanta Public Schools serves the West End.</p><br>
<p>Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System operates the West End Branch.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>West End is located on the south side of Interstate 20 at the Joseph E. Lowery Blvd. exit. It is also served by the West End MARTA station and MARTA buses.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>Settled in 1835, the original name of the West End was White Hall (after the White Hall Inn); it was renamed in 1867 after London&#39;s theatre district.</p><br>
<p>White Hall Inn, located on the corner of Lee Street and Ralph David Abernathy Blvd, was so named because it was painted white when most buildings of the time were unpainted.</p><br>
<p>White Hall Inn was also the stagecoach shop, tavern, post office and home of the 503rd Militia district, as well as the election precinct.</p><br>
<p>West End officially became a part of Atlanta on January 1, 1894.</p><br>
<p>The West End District was the first locally designated historic district in the City of Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>The layout of the original West End was a main street and adjacent grid pattern streets; three right turns and you were back where you started</p><br>
<p>Outkast made their public debut at Club Fritz, in West End.</p><br>
<p>In the successful play Madea Goes to Jail by Tyler Perry, Madea refers to the West End twice; first she says she lives in the West End, then says to the "country pimp" to try to cross Lee street or come to the 4200 block of Avon Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Karangetang  is a volcano located on the north side of Siau Island off the coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The island is inhabited by 22,000 people. It is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia having erupted forty-one times since 1675. A pyroclastic flow in 1997 killed three people.</p><br>
<h2>Current activity</h2><br>
<p>In August 2007 an eruptive episode forced evacuations from nearby areas.</p><br>
<p>On 9 June 2009 the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia raised the eruption alert status of Karangetang to Level Orange.</p><br>
<p>On 6 August 2010 Karangetang again erupted, spewing lava and ash hundreds of meters into the air. Four villagers are missing.</p><br>
<p>On 11 March 2011, a few hours after an earthquake in Japan caused a Pacific-wide tsunami, Mount Karangetang again erupted.</p><br>
<p>On September 2, 2013, the volcano began erupting again.</p><br>
<p>Lake Awasa is an endorheic basin in Ethiopia, located in the Main Ethiopian Rift south of Addis Ababa. According to the Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68, the lake is 16 km long and 9 km wide, with a surface area of 129 square kilometers. It has a maximum depth of 10 meters and is located at an elevation of 1,708 meters.</p><br>
<p>Because it is relatively accessible to scientists, Lake Awasa is the most studied of the Rift Valley lakes in Ethiopia. According to William Taylor, a member of the African Lakes and Rivers Research Group at the University of Waterloo, Lake Awasa is, despite its lack of an outflow, "essentially a freshwater lake (conductivity is variable, but less than 1,000) indicating that it must have a subterranean outlet."</p><br>
<p>Baccalieu Island is a 5 km uninhabited island at the northern extremities of Conception Bay in Subdivision 1G, near the community of Red Head Cove, Canada. It is separated from the island of Newfoundland by Baccalieu Tickle, a small strait and an abundant fishing ground.</p><br>
<p>The name Baccalieu is derived either from the Portuguese bacalhau, Spanish bacalao or the Basque baccalos, all meaning "codfish". Early Portuguese maps dating before Columbus&#39; voyage indicate an island east of the Azores named Terra do Bacalhau which may have been the whole island of Newfoundland. Modern Baccalieu Island was known to Europeans by that name since at least 1556, when it was drawn on the Gastaldi map as "Bacalaos".</p><br>
<h2>Ecological Reserve</h2><br>
<p>Baccalieu Island is the largest seabird island in Newfoundland and supports the greatest diversity of breeding seabirds in eastern North America. The island supports the largest known colony of Leach&#39;s storm-petrel in the world, approximately 40% of the global population and about 70% of the western Atlantic population of this species. It is a nesting area for 11 breeding species:</p><br>
<p>Atlantic puffin (45,000 pairs - approximately 12% of the eastern North America population)</p><br>
<p>Black-legged kittiwake (13,000 - approximately 5 to 7% of the western Atlantic breeding population); and</p><br>
<p>Northern gannet (677 pairs - approximately 1.5% of the North American population).</p><br>
<p>Northern fulmar</p><br>
<p>Black guillemot</p><br>
<p>Common murre</p><br>
<p>Thick-billed murre</p><br>
<p>Razorbill</p><br>
<p>Herring gull</p><br>
<p>Great black-backed gull</p><br>
<p>The island also includes one of the largest winter populations of eider in Newfoundland.</p><br>
<p>The island has a surface of 5 km, and the reserve spans 23 km, including all of the island and one kilometer of ocean around the coast.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouses</h2><br>
<p>Historically, two lighthouses were operated on Baccalieu Island; today both are automated. The lighthouse on the northern end is not operational any more; its light was extinguished in the early 1990s. This lighthouse was replaced as an aid to navigation by an automated light on a skeletal tower. It was originally a brick tower and was later encased in iron. The old tower&#39;s data:</p><br>
<p>Tower height: 36 ft</p><br>
<p>Height of focal plane: 443 ft</p><br>
<p>Description: Red, conical cast iron</p><br>
<p>Date established: 1859</p><br>
<p>Date present tower built: 1858</p><br>
<p>Date deactivated: 1990s</p><br>
<p>Current use: Unknown</p><br>
<p>Open to public: No</p><br>
<p>Four generations of the Ryan family "kept the light" at Baccalieu from 1858 to 1950. Other keepers at Baccalieu included Felix Noonan, Eric Blundon, John Hyde, Linus Walsh, Joseph Hatch, Pat Rice, and principal lightkeeper Raymond Hyde.</p><br>
<p>Biddeford Pool is a large tidal pool, located off Saco Bay south of the mouth of the Saco River on the south coast of Maine. It is approximately 6 miles southeast of downtown Biddeford, to which it is connected via State Route 208. The town of Kennebunkport is 3 miles southwest, connected via State Route 9.</p><br>
<p>Biddeford Pool is the site of Maines first recorded permanent settlement, then called Winter Harbor (not to be confused with present-day Winter Harbor, Maine). In the winter of 1616-1617, Richard Vines, a physician, resided here as part of the colonization efforts of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, lord proprietor of Maine. An early village developed on the north side. In 1688, Fort Mary was built near the pools entrance.</p><br>
<p>The former Fletcher&#39;s Neck Lifesaving Station, closed in 1971 and on the National Register of Historic Places, still stands at Ocean Avenue and Fourth Street.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the Biddeford Pool Military Reservation was established from 1941 to 1945, on what is now the Abenakee Golf Club. It had four circular concrete platforms called "Panama mounts" for 155 mm guns, three of which remain today. From December 1941 to December 1943 it was garrisoned by Battery F of the 240th Coast Artillery of the Maine National Guard; this unit was then relieved by Battery E of the 22nd Coast Artillery, which departed in October 1943; it is unclear what unit was at the site after that time.</p><br>
<p>The small harbor hosts both vacationers and lobstermen. Its water level fluctuates from a large navigable body during high tide to mostly mudflats during low tide. The only exception is the deep mouth, where a gut is located which is naturally dredged by tidal current. It is locally known as "The Gut." Consequently, this is the area where most boats are moored. Wood Island Light is located about a mile offshore to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Biddeford Pool is bounded by the mainland to the south and west, by Hills Beach to the north, and by East Point to the east. The area is a popular summer destination for visitors from as far south as Florida and as far west as California. The pool is surrounded by tall grass salt marshes that are home to a variety of birds and other wildlife. East Point Sanctuary, maintained by the Maine Audubon Society, is considered to be one of the premier birding spots on the northeast coast. Mile Strech Road, a sandy strip of beach which connects the neighborhood of Biddeford Pool to the mainland, is a notable tombolo.</p><br>
<p>Points of interest around Biddeford Pool include the Biddeford coastal neighborhoods of Hills Beach, Fortune&#39;s Rocks, and Granite Point; and the Kennebunkport coastal area of Goose Rocks.</p><br>
<p>Orara River, a perennial stream of the Clarence River catchment, is located in the Northern Rivers district of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Orara River rises on the eastern slopes of the Dorrigo Plateau, Great Dividing Range, east of Dorrigo and west of Boambee, and flows in a meandering course generally north east north and north-west, joined by six tributaries including Urumbilum River and Kangaroo River, before reaching its confluence with the Clarence River, southeast of Copmanhurst. The river descends 195 m over its 156 km course; and flows through the Dorrigo National Park in its upper reaches.</p><br>
<p>Major communities along the river include Coramba, Nana Glen, Glenreagh, Coutts Crossing, Ramornie, and Eatonville.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, the river has suffered from overuse, particularly due to irrigation projects and the rivers use as the major source of water for the city of Coffs Harbour. This has led to siltation in the river, and the virtual decimation of the rivers freshwater fish stocks.</p><br>
<p>The name of the river is believed to be derived from Urara, an Aboriginal phrase meaning "where the perch live".</p><br>
<p>Misima  is a volcanic island in the northwest of Louisiade Archipelago within Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Misima Island was inhabited by Polynesians since about 1500 BC. The island was sighted in 1768 by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville and explored 1793 by French explorer Antoine Bruni d&#39;Entrecasteaux.</p><br>
<p>Misima island owes its name to Élisabeth-Paul-Édouard de Rossel, which was a lieutenant of the Counter admiral Antoine Bruny d&#39;Entrecasteaux during his journey of scientific exploration.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 the British Empire annexed Misima Island, and it became part of British New Guinea (since 1904 - the Territory of Papua administered by Australia).</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 1890s gold was discovered on Misima. Their actual mining began early in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Since 1975, Misima belongs to the independent state of Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>A gold and silver mine was opened on the island in 1990, by an international corporation.</p><br>
<p>The mines provided plenty of work for the islanders. however, that mine was officially closed in 2004, because of excessive load on the environment and public health hazards.</p><br>
<h2>Politics</h2><br>
<p>The island is within the Samarai Murua District.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island measures 40 km by 10 km and has an area of 214,5 km². It is located some 20 km north of the northwest extreme of the barrier reef of Vanatinai at Isu Raua Raua Island, and 80 km northwest of Vanatinai Island itself. Misima is mountainous and densely forested. Mt. Koia Tau, at a height of 1,036 meters, is the highest peak of the Louisiade Archipelago. The island itself is of Volcanic Origin and covered with thick vegetation.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The local climate is tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds, with a dry season from 1 December to 31 May, and a wet season from 1 June to 30 November. it is usually very humid. Since it is fairly close to the equator, the temperature does not fluctuate much between winter and summer.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Misima island is known as a mining island. A huge mine operated many years on the island. The mine was a joint venture by Placer Dome Inc (owning 80%) and the state-owned Orogen Minerals Ltd. In March 2012 Barrick closed its post closure monitoring office in Bwagaoia having successfully rehabilitated the mine and mill sites.</p><br>
<p>Since 2004 when the mine closed, artisanal mining has become a major source of income in the island, with an association Misima Alluvial Gold Mining Association (MAGMA) starting in 2007. Other sources of income, especially for people living on the north coast, are cash crops of coconuts, copra, and cacao. A commercial fisheries project has been proposed, but has not been developed yet.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The island has a population of 19,330, spread across 78 villages, Misima is the most heavily populated island in the Louisiade Archipelago. By area, it is the third largest, after Vanatinai and Rossel Island.</p><br>
<p>Since the mines have closed, there are signs of population decrease. people are moving to Alotau for jobs.</p><br>
<h3>Urbanization</h3><br>
<p>The main town of the island and the seat of the district is Bwagaoia, located on the southeast corner of the island. Other villages are Hinauta, Boiou, Gulewa, Bagilina, Liak, Siagara, Eiaus (on the eastern north coast, reachable by road from Bwagaoia), Gulewa and Ewena (on the western north coast), and Bwagabwaga, Gaibobo and Alhoga (on the south coast).</p><br>
<h3>Cities</h3><br>
<h3>Religion</h3><br>
<p>About half the population identified themselves as members of a Christian church. see Religion in Papua New Guinea for more info.</p><br>
<h3>Language</h3><br>
<p>The main language of the island is also called Misiman, though many residents speak English and also Tok Pisin as a third language.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Misima has a working airport (four flights weekly to the mainland (POM via Alotau) through Airlines of Papua New Guinea, and one charter run by Porgera Joint Venture, a high school (grades 7-10), a small market, a few small stores and a clinic/hospital, a post office,--all of which are located in Bwagaoia. There are ferries from Alotau which service Misima Island, costing around K100 and taking 17 hours.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The following mammals are there for:</p><br>
<p>Polynesian rat(introduced)</p><br>
<p>Wild boar(introduced)</p><br>
<p>Eastern common cuscus</p><br>
<p>Sugar glider</p><br>
<p>Grassland rat</p><br>
<p>Eastern rat</p><br>
<p>Panniet naked-backed fruit bat</p><br>
<p>Island tube-nosed fruit bat</p><br>
<p>Small flying fox</p><br>
<p>Common blossom bat</p><br>
<p>Temminck&#39;s trident bat</p><br>
<p>Spurred roundleaf bat</p><br>
<p>Fawn leaf-nosed bat</p><br>
<p>Diadem leaf-nosed bat</p><br>
<p>Smaller horseshoe bat</p><br>
<p>Misima bat</p><br>
<p>Little bent-wing bat</p><br>
<p>Miniopterus macrocneme</p><br>
<p>Great bent-winged bat</p><br>
<p>Common bent-wing bat</p><br>
<p>Angulate pipistrelle</p><br>
<p>Lidtke Mill, also known as the Lime Springs Mill Complex, is a historic building located on the Upper Iowa River located in the "Old Town" area of Lime Springs, Iowa, United States. It is part of the 10 acre Lidtke Park.</p><br>
<p>The mill is an L-shaped structure is composed of limestone covered with a yellow brick veneer. The main section was completed in 1857 and rebuilt after a fire in 1894. At one time, it not only milled grains but also provided hydroelectric power to surrounding communities. The footprints of a worker nearly electrocuted there can still be seen in the floor of the control room. The millers house is a frame structure that follows a rectangular plan. The original section of the building was built in 1857. Wings on the west and east sides were added around 1880. The cement block section on the north side was added in 1927. The mill complex is now open as a museum. From time to time, events such as the Buckwheat Festival are held at the site. The mill and the millers house were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lanier  is a reservoir in the northern portion of the USA state of Georgia. It was created by the completion of Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River in 1956, and is also fed by the waters of the Chestatee River. The lake encompasses 38,000 acre or 59 square miles of water, and 692 mi of shoreline at normal level, a "full summer pool" of 1,071 ft above mean sea level. Named for American poet Sidney Lanier, it was built and is operated by the USA Army Corps of Engineers for flood control and water supplies. It is patrolled by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources , as well as local law enforcement.</p><br>
<p>The states of Georgia, Alabama and Florida all have rights to the water of the reservoir, as it feeds rivers going through those areas. The Corps of Engineers has responsibilities to regulate flow for flood control and water use. In addition, it has to ensure that water is available to fulfill such federal mandates as under the Endangered Species Act, to support downstream species. The rapid suburbanization of the Atlanta region, in particular, has greatly increased water consumption by private homeowners for lawns and gardens. During droughts of the 21st century, Lake Lanier reached record lows, and regional actions have been needed to reduce area water usage.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is in Hall, Forsyth, Dawson, Gwinnett, and Lumpkin counties, split about 60%, 30%, 5%, 4%, and 1% respectively, filling the valley into numerous small arms and fingers. The former thalweg of the Chestatee and the Chattahoochee south of it form the county line between Hall and a corner of Gwinnett to the east, and Dawson and Forsyth counties to the west.</p><br>
<p>One of the main purposes of the lake is flood control of the Chattahoochee River downstream, mainly protecting metro Atlanta. Since the construction of Buford Dam, there have been only three major flooding events on the downstream section. The most severe flooding event was in 2009, following a two-year drought; the most recent was in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s original purposes were to provide hydroelectricity, navigation, and flood control of the Chattahoochee River, and water supply for the city of Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>The $1 billion project was approved, with ground breaking in 1950. Approximately 700 families were moved from the area after their properties were bought by the USCOE, in order to flood the area and create the lake. A stretch of Georgia Highway 53 had to be abandoned that ran too close to the planned shoreline. Gainesville&#39;s Looper Speedway was also condemned and abandoned.</p><br>
<p>More than $2 million had been spent by the Corps on preliminary construction when the House Committee on Appropriations refused to provide more funds in June 1951. During that summer Atlanta mayor William Hartsfield traveled to Washington numerous times pressing southern Democratic Senators Richard Russell, Jr. and Walter F. George to restore funding to ensure Atlanta&#39;s water supply during droughts. Hartsfield returned to Washington in 1955 to lobby for $11 million more for the dam, which had a target date of 1956, again stressing the importance of an adequate water supply for his growing city. Congress approved the funds, and the dam was completed and opened on schedule.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lanier began filling in 1956, and in 1957, 20 miles downstream, Morgan Falls Dam was raised to regulate the flow from Buford Dam and regulate the flow of water to Atlanta. In early fall of 1958, the region had two solid months of drought, which would have left the Chattahoochee and its tributaries nearly dry, if not for the construction of Buford Dam and the reserve of Lake Lanier.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1990s, the Corps of Engineers, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama have all been fighting for use of the water held in Lake Lanier. Federal law mandates that when a river flows between two or more states, each state has a right to an equal share of the water. Additionally, laws such as the Endangered Species Act require that water be available to preserve and support the threatened or endangered species that live in or around Chattahoochee River and Apalachicola Bay.</p><br>
<p>Pertinent information on the reservoir, power plant, etc. can be found on the. Also, historic operational information on.</p><br>
<h3>Drought 2007–2009</h3><br>
<p>In June 2006, the USACE revealed that the new lake gauge at the dam, replaced in December 2005, was not properly calibrated, yielding a lake level reading nearly two feet (over half a meter) higher than the actual level. Because of this, nearly twenty-two billion U.S gallons (over eighty-two billion liters) of excess water had been released. This was above the already planned excess releases to support the successful spawning of gulf sturgeon in the Apalachicola River and to protect several species of mussels in Apalachicola Bay from excessive saltwater intrusion.</p><br>
<p>Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue said that the Corps had created a "manmade drought", because most of the state was already having dry conditions. This came at a time when outdoor water-use restrictions were being put in place by local governments. The high rate of suburban growth in the area resulted in a high rate of water consumption to care for the many lawns which had replaced forests. Because of the error in managing Lake Lanier, the governors office declared a drought and enacted a ban on outdoor water use from 10 to 4, in addition to the permanent weekly odd/even address system. Other local counties imposed further restrictions or total bans, based on each water systems conditions. Outdoor watering was banned completely as the state suffered its worst drought in its recorded history.</p><br>
<p>On October 16, 2007, Governor Perdue gave the USACE until the evening of October 17 to come up with a plan for the continued release of water for Florida wildlife. Senator Johnny Isakson stood before the Georgia General Assembly saying, "The health, safety and welfare of people are threatened. They are threatened by an act this Congress passed that had no intention to threaten them." He eventually withdrew his threat to sue the Corps of Engineers, but the Lake Lanier Association indicated that it would file a private legal action. Governor Perdue&#39;s attempts to reach an agreement with Florida over water releases fell through, leaving the final decision on releases from the lake to be made by the USA Fish and Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<p>On November 22, 2007 the water level was at 1,052.34 ft, setting a new record low (see below: Lake water levels & External links). The previous low was 1,052.7 ft, set in December 1981. The water level as of November 28, 2007 had dropped to 1,051.98 ft and still decreasing at 0.05 ft a day. One month later, the water level stabilized around a final low of 1,050.79 ft, recorded December 26, 2007 at Buford Dam. The day after Christmas, the water level began rising from week to week.</p><br>
<p>Eventually after winter rains, on February 18, 2008, the water level of Lake Lanier rose to 1,052.80 ft, higher than the December 1981 level of 1,052.7 ft, effectively ending the record-low phase of the drought crisis.</p><br>
<p>A similar drought situation occurred in late 2008. At the end of the year, the water level stabilized around a final low of 1,051.00 ft, recorded December 8, 2008, at Buford Dam, slightly above the record set in 2007.</p><br>
<p>After rainfall during the winter of 2008–2009, on March 30, 2009, the climatologist of the state of Georgia, David Stooksbury, declared the drought over, noting, "soil moisture is near normal, stream flows are near normal. Small and medium-sized reservoirs are full." Stooksbury continued, "There is still the 500-pound gorilla sitting in the room and that’s Lanier." In May 2009, the water level of Lake Lanier rose to exceed 1066 ft, reaching a high of 1,066.71 ft in mid-June 2009. It did not reach the full summer pool of 1071 ft during mid-2009, remaining more than 4 ft lower. Following weeks of heavy rain in North Georgia, Lake Lanier returned to full pool in mid-October 2009. The record high is 1,077.2 ft set in April 1964.</p><br>
<p>The record-low lake levels had revealed parts of the lake bottom not seen since the 1950s, including remnants of a road and foundations of homes that had to be abandoned for the construction. More recent additions to the lake - including discarded trash, boat batteries and sunken boats - were discovered. Local efforts were organized to clean up the lake bottom. Several automobiles, some stolen, and discarded firearms were also recovered by law enforcement officials.</p><br>
<h2>Lawsuits</h2><br>
<p>In July 2009, a federal judge from Minnesota (chosen from a neutral location as an arbiter) ruled that Congress never authorized Lake Lanier to be used as a source of the water supply for metro Atlanta. Georgia was given three years to stop withdrawing from the lake (except for the adjacent cities of Gainesville and Buford), unless Congress authorized it, or if it and the other two states using water from the reservoir came to agreement about use. The Atlanta Regional Commission chairman noted that if enforced, cutting drinking water to 75% of current users in the region would require disaster aid from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).</p><br>
<p>Per: Main article: Tri-state water dispute cited above:</p><br>
<p>In June 2011 the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the 2009 district court decision and confirmed the USACEs authority to regulate Lake Lanier for Atlantas water supply. The Corps responded in June 2012 with plans for further analysis and evaluation of proposals from the three states.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Florida filed an original action against Georgia in the Supreme Court of the United States, requesting equitable apportionment of waters in the ACF Basin. On November 3, 2014, the Supreme Court granted Florida leave to file the complaint, and the case is currently pending before a Special Master.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The lake is popular with boaters, houseboats, jetskiers and others, particularly around the summer holidays. Over 7.5 million people per year visit the lake, including its marinas and the Lake Lanier Islands waterpark. The rowing and sprint canoeing events during the 1996 Summer Olympics were held at the lake. It also hosted the canoe sprint World Championships in 2003 at the Lanier Canoe and Kayak Club.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lanier has over 90 Corps, State, County and City parks spread around its 680 miles of shoreline, 23 of which provide swim beaches. All of these parks are accessible by land and some by water and most have other amenities such as picnic areas, restrooms, boat ramps and playgrounds for the kiddies. There are also dozens of beaches on Lake Lanier that are on islands located all over Lake Lanier.</p><br>
<p>One resort hotel sits on the lake: Legacy Lodge (Formerly Emerald Pointe Hotel). A second hotel, Pine Isle was recently demolished. Both were sold by CNL Hotels & Resorts, a hotel investment firm in Florida, to Georgia businessman Virgil Williams. Both assets sit on a ground lease from the Lake Lanier Islands Development Authority which in turn leases the land from the USA Army Corps of Engineers.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1957, Holiday Marina has become synonymous with Lake Lanier. Holiday Marina in Buford, Georgia, and Aqualand Marina near the town of Flowery Branch, are two of the largest freshwater marinas in the world.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lanier was the site of the 1997 Bilderberg conference.</p><br>
<p>Every year from mid-November through January, Lake Lanier Islands are decorated with over 6 mi of Christmas lights, the largest animated light show in the southeast and one of the world&#39;s largest light shows. Magical Nights of Lights is an animated drive-through display that ends with a Christmas village, carnival rides, bonfire, Santa Shop, live nativity, etc.</p><br>
<h2>Effects of 21st century droughts</h2><br>
<p>At the end of 2007, the water level of Lake Lanier became notable, on a daily basis, for setting record low levels, worse than any in the previous 25 years. By early November, the water level was dropping a fifth of a foot (.06 m) per day (see table below), with the largest drop on November 9 of 0.26 ft to 1054.08 ft (321.4 m).</p><br>
<p>"Midnight Pools at Buford" (Lake Lanier daily water levels),</p><br>
<p>December 2007, USACE, webpage:</p><br>
<p>The dropping water level slowed to 0.05 ft, as measured on November 17, 2007, after local rains continued and the water flow had been reduced at Buford Dam. However, water levels continued to decline almost daily during the month of December 2007 (see table below; December record low levels in bold-face font).</p><br>
<p>Further rains during November and December stabilized the water level at a low of 1,050.79 ft on December 26, 2007, with the water level fluctuating up/down by about 0.03 ft daily (see table at right). On December 27, the water level began rising above the record low level, but fluctuating every few days, as affected by further rain and snow during December and January 2008. By the end of December 2007, the water level had risen more than six inches (0.3 m) to 1,051.32 ft, rising more than 3 times faster than it had recently dropped. It reversed more than 18 days of losses within 5 days (see table).</p><br>
<p>Finally, on February 18, 2008, the water level of Lake Lanier had risen above the record-low levels set in November, rising to 1,052.80 ft. This was higher than the December 1981 level of 1,052.7 ft, effectively ending the record-low phase of the drought crisis. As of April 21, 2009, the lake had risen back to 1063.39 feet.</p><br>
<p>Multiple rain storms further to the south, along the Chattahoochee River to Apalachicola Bay, brought increased fresh water to the Florida wildlife in November and December 2007, despite the reduced water flow from Lake Lanier at Buford Dam. Rainfall along the lower Chattahoochee River was often greater overall than above Lake Lanier, as it spanned the longer length of the river.</p><br>
<p>Metropolitan Atlanta received far above-average rainfall amounts throughout September and October 2009, and had record floods. On October 14, 2009, Lake Lanier had risen back to above-full pool at 1071.01 feet. The record high is 1,077.2 ft, set in April 1964.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 and 2012 the water fell to some of the lowest points on record set during the 2007 droughts. In the spring and summer of 2013, the water level reached some of the highest points due to high amounts of rain and flooding in the north Georgia area. By late June 2016, the southern parts of Forsyth County were having severe drought, and water use was ordered to be reduced.</p><br>
<p>Mahasthangarh  is one of the earliest urban archaeological sites so far discovered in Bangladesh. The village Mahasthan in Shibganj thana of Bogra District contains the remains of an ancient city which was called Pundranagara or Paundravardhanapura in the territory of Pundravardhana. A limestone slab bearing six lines in Prakrit in Brahmi script, discovered in 1931, dates Mahasthangarh to at least the 3rd century BC. The fortified area was in use until the 18th century AD.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Mahasthan means a place that has excellent sanctity and garh means fort. Mahasthan was first mentioned in a Sanskrit text of the 13th century entitled Vallalcharita. It is also mentioned in an anonymous text Karatoya mahatmya, circumstantially placed in 12th–13th century. The same text also mentions two more names to mean the same place – Pundrakshetra, land of the Pundras, and Pundranagara, city of the Pundras. In 1685, an administrative decree mentioned the place as Mastangarh, a mixture of Sanskrit and Persian meaning fortified place of an auspicious personage. Subsequent discoveries have confirmed that the earlier name was Pundranagara or Paundravardhanapura, and that the present name of Mahasthangarh is of later origin.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mahasthangarh, the ancient capital of Pundravardhana is located 11 km north of Bogra on the Bogra-Rangpur highway, with a feeder road (running along the eastern side of the ramparts of the citadel for 1.5 km) leading to Jahajghata and site museum. Buses are available for Bogra from Dhaka and take 4½ hours for the journey via Bangabandhu Jamuna Bridge across the Jamuna River. Buses are available from Bogra to Mahasthangarh. Rickshaws are available for local movement. Hired transport is available at Dhaka/ Bogra. Accommodation is available at Bogra. When travelling in a hired car, one can return to Dhaka the same day, unless somebody has a plan to visit Somapura Mahavihara at Paharpur in the district of Naogaon and other places, or engage in a detailed study.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the location for the city in the area was decided upon because it is one of the highest areas in Bangladesh. The land in the region is almost 36 m above sea level, whereas Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is around 6 m above sea level. Another reason for choosing this place was the position and size of the Karatoya, which as recently as in the 13th century was three times wider than Ganges.</p><br>
<p>Mahasthangarh stands on the red soil of the Barind Tract which is slightly elevated within the largely alluvium area. The elevation of 15 to 25 metres above the surrounding areas makes it a relatively flood free physiographic unit.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Several personalities contributed to the discovery and identification of the ruins at Mahasthangarh. Francis Buchanan Hamilton was the first to locate and visit Mahasthangarh in 1808, C.J.O&#39;Donnell, E.V.Westmacott, and Beveridge followed. Alexander Cunningham was the first to identify the place as the capital of Pundravardhana. He visited the site in 1879.</p><br>
<h2>Citadel</h2><br>
<p>The citadel (see map alongside), the fortified heart of the ancient city, is rectangular in plan, measuring roughly 1.523 km long from north to south, and 1.371 km from east to west, with high and wide ramparts in all its wings. Area of the citadel is approximately 185 ha. The Karatoya, once a mighty river but now a small stream, flows on its east.</p><br>
<p>Till the 1920s, when excavations started, the inside of the citadel was higher than the surrounding areas by over 4 metres and was dotted with several straggling elevated pieces of land. The rampart looked like a jungle clad mud rampart with forced openings at several points. The rampart was 11 – higher than the surrounding area. At its south-east corner stood a mazhar (holy tomb). A later day mosque (built in 1718–19) was also there.</p><br>
<p>At present there are several mounds and structural vestiges inside the fortifications. Of these a few of note are: Jiat Kunda (well which, according to legends, has life giving power), Mankalir Dhap (place consecrated to Mankali), Parasuramer Basgriha (palace of a king named Parasuram), Bairagir Bhita (palace of a female anchorite), Khodar Pathar Bhita (place of stone bestowed by God), and Munir Ghon (a bastion). There are some gateways at different points: Kata Duar (in the north), Dorab Shah Toran (in the east), Burir Fatak (in the south), and Tamra Dawaza (in the west) At the north-eastern corner there is a flight of steps (a later addition) that goes by the name of Jahajghata. A little beyond Jahajghata and on the banks of the Karatoya is Govinda Bhita (a temple dedicated to Govinda). In front of it is the site museum, displaying some of the representative findings. Beside it is a rest house.</p><br>
<h2>Suburb of the citadel</h2><br>
<p>Besides the fortified area, there are around a hundred mounds spread over an area with a radius of 9 km. (See map alongside).</p><br>
<p>Excavated mounds:</p><br>
<p>Gobhindo Bhita, a temple close to the north-eastern corner of the citadel</p><br>
<p>Khulnar Dhap, a temple 1 km north of the citadel</p><br>
<p>Mangalkot, a temple 400m south of Khulnar Dhap</p><br>
<p>Godaibari Dhap, a temple 1 km south of Khulnar Dhap</p><br>
<p>Totaram Panditer Dhap, a monastery 4 km north-west of the citadel</p><br>
<p>Noropotir Dhap (Vashu Bihara), a group of monasteries 1 km north-west of Totaram Ponditer Dhap (said to be the place where Po-shi-po Bihara mentioned by Xuanzang (Hieun Tsang) was located)</p><br>
<p>Gokul Medh (Lokhindorer Bashor Ghor), a temple 3 km south of the citadel</p><br>
<p>Shkonder Dhap, a temple 2 km south-east of Gokul Medh</p><br>
<p>Major unexcavated mounds:</p><br>
<p>Shiladebir Ghat</p><br>
<p>Chunoru Dighi Dhap</p><br>
<p>Kaibilki Dhap</p><br>
<p>Juraintala</p><br>
<p>Poroshuramer Shobhabati</p><br>
<p>Balai Dhap</p><br>
<p>Prochir Dhibi</p><br>
<p>Kanchir Hari Dhibi</p><br>
<p>Lohonar Dhap</p><br>
<p>Khujar Dhap</p><br>
<p>Doshatina Dhap</p><br>
<p>Dhoniker Dhap</p><br>
<p>Mondirir Dorgah</p><br>
<p>Bishmordana Dhibi</p><br>
<p>Malinar Dhap</p><br>
<p>Malpukuria Dhap</p><br>
<p>Jogir Dhap</p><br>
<p>Podmobhatir Dhap</p><br>
<p>Kanai Dhap</p><br>
<p>Dulu Mojhir Bhita</p><br>
<p>Podda Debhir Bhita</p><br>
<p>Rastala Dhap</p><br>
<p>Shoshitola Dhap</p><br>
<p>Dhonbandhor Dhap</p><br>
<p>Chader Dhap</p><br>
<p>Shindinath Dhap</p><br>
<p>Shalibahon Rajar Kacharibari Dhipi</p><br>
<p>Kacher Angina</p><br>
<p>Mongolnather Dhap</p><br>
<p>ChhoutoTengra/ Babur Dhap/ Kethar Dhap</p><br>
<p>Boro Tengra/ Shonyashir Dhap</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Systematic archaeological excavation of Mahasthangarh was first started in 1928–29 under the guidance of K.N.Dikshit of the Archaeological Survey of India. The areas around Jahajghata, Munir Ghon and Bairagir Bhita were explored. Excavation was resumed in 1934–36 at Bairagir Bhita and Govinda Bhita. Excavation was carried out in 1960s around the Mazhar, Parasuramer Prasad, Mankalir Dhap, Jiat Kunda and in a part of the northern rampart. In the next phase excavation was carried out sporadically in parts of the east and north ramparts but the final report is yet to be published. In the period 1992–98 excavation was conducted in the area lying between Bairagir Bhita and the gateway exposed in 1991 as a Bangla-Franco joint venture, which is now in its second phase with excavation around the mazhar in the western side of the citadel.</p><br>
<h2>Movable antiquities</h2><br>
<p>The excavations have led to the recovery of a large number of items, a few of which are listed here.</p><br>
<p>Inscriptions: A 4.4 cm x 5.7 cm lime stone slab bearing six lines in Prakrit in Brahmi script, discovered accidentally by a day labourer in 1931 was an important find. The text appears to be a royal order of Magadh, possibly during the rule of Asoka. It dates the antiquity of Mahasthangarh to 3rd century BC. An Arabic inscriptional slab of 1300–1301 discovered in 1911–12 mentions the erection of a tomb in honour of Numar Khan, who was a Meer-e-Vahar (lieutenant of the naval fleet). A Persian inscriptional slab of 1718–19 records the construction of a mosque during the reign of the Mughal emperor Farrukhshiyar.</p><br>
<p>Coins: Silver punch marked coins are datable to a period between the 4th century BC and the 1st–2nd century AD. Some uninscribed copper cast coins have been found. Two Gupta period coins have been reported from a nearby village named Vamanpara. A number of coins belonging to the sultans of 14th–15th century and British East India Company have been found.</p><br>
<p>Ceramics: Mostly represented by a vast number of shards.</p><br>
<p>Sculpture: A 5th century Buddha stone sculpture recovered from Vasu Vihara, a Lokesvara stone sculpture showing blending of Visnu and Avalokitsvara, salvaged from neighbouring Namuja village, a number sand stone door-frames, pillars and lintels (datable to 5th–12th century), numerous Buddha bronze sculpture datable to 10th–11th century, a terracotta Surya discovered at Mankalir Bhita, and numerous other pieces.</p><br>
<p>Terracotta Plaques: A number of terracotta plaques have been discovered.</p><br>
<p>Many of these are on display in the site museum, which is open Sunday to Thursday summer:10 am to 6 pm, winter:9 am to 5 pm. Recess:1–2 pm, Friday recess is from 12.30 to 2.30, opens at 9 am in summer, other timings same. Summer timings 1 April to 30 September, winter timings 1 October to 30 March. Books on Mahasthangarh and other archaeological sites in Bangladesh (in Bengali and English) are available at the ticket counter for the site museum.</p><br>
<h2>Highlights of some excavated sites</h2><br>
<h3>Inside the citadel</h3><br>
<p>Bairagir Bhita: Constructed/ reconstructed in four periods: 4th–5th century AD, 6th–7th century, 9th–10th century, and 11th century. Excavations have revealed impoverished base ruins resembling temples. Two sculptured sand stone pillars have been recovered.</p><br>
<p>Khodarpathar Bhita: Some pieces of stone carved with transcendent Buddha along with devotees in anjali (kneeling with folded hands) recovered.</p><br>
<p>Parasuramer Prasad: Contains remains of three occupation periods – 8th century AD findings include stone Visnupatta of Pala period, 15th- 16th century findings include some glazed shreds of Muslim origin, and the third period has revealed two coins of the British East India Company issued in 1835 and 1853.</p><br>
<p>Mankalir Dhap: terracotta plaques, bronze Ganesha, bronze Garuda etc. were discovered. Base ruins of a 15-domed mosque (15th–16th century) was revealed.</p><br>
<p>Bangla-Franco joint venture: Excavations have revealed 18 archaeological layers, ranging from 5th century BC to 12th century AD, till virgin soil at a depth of around 17 m.</p><br>
<h3>Outside the citadel</h3><br>
<p>Govinda Bhita: Situated 185 m north-east of Jahajghata and opposite the site museum. Remains dated from 3rd century BC to 15th century AD. Base remains of two temples have been exposed.</p><br>
<p>Totaram Panditer Dhap: Situated in the village Vihara, about 6 km north-west of the ciradel. Structural remains of a damaged monastery have been exposed.</p><br>
<p>Narapatir Dhap: Situated in the village Basu Vihara, 1.5 km north-west of Totaram Panditer Dhap. Base remains of two monasteries and a temple have been exposed. Cunningham identified this place as the one visited by Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) in the 7th century AD.</p><br>
<p>Gokul Medh: Also known as Behular Basar Ghar or Lakshindarer Medh, situated in the village Gokul, 3 km to the south of the citadel, off the Bogra-Rangpur road, connected by a narrow motorable road about 1 km. Excavations in 1934–36 revealed a terraced podium with 172 rectangular blind cells. It is dated 6th–7th century. Local mythology associates it with legendary Lakshmindara-Behula. The village Gokul also has several other mound Kansr Dhap has been excavated.</p><br>
<p>Skandher Dhap: Situated in village Baghopara on the Bogra-Rangpur road, 3.5 km to the south of the citadel, a sandstone Kartika was found and structural vestiges of a damaged building were revealed. It is believed to be the remains of Skandha Mandira (temple consecrated to Kartika), mentioned in Karatoya mahatmya, as well as Kalhan&#39;s Rajatarangin, written in 1149–50. There also are references to Skandhnagara as a suburb of Pundranagara. Baghopara village has three other mounds.</p><br>
<p>Khulnar Dhap: Situated in village Chenghispur, 700 m west of the north-west corner of the citadel has revealed remains of a temple. The mound is named after Khullana, wife of Chand Sadagar.</p><br>
<p>From the present findings it can be deduced that there was a city called Pundravardhana at Mahasthangarh with a vast suburb around it, on all sides except the east, where the once mighty Karatoya used to flow. It is evident that the suburbs of Pundravardhana extended at least to Baghopara on the south-west, Gokul on the south, Vamanpara on the west, and Sekendrabad on the north. However, the plan of the city and much of its history are still to be revealed.</p><br>
<p>Bhimer Jangal This well-known embankment starts from the north-east corner of Bogra town and proceeds northwards for about 30 miles to a marshy place called Damukdaher bit, under police station Govindaganj (Rangpur District) and it is said, goes oil to Ghoraghat. It is made of the red earth of the locality and retains at places even now a height of 20 feet above the level of the country. There is a break ill it of over three miles from Daulatpur (north west of Mahasthan-garh) to Hazaradighi (south-west, of it). About a mile south of Hazradighi. the stream Subil approaches the jangal and runs alongside it down to Bogra town.</p><br>
<p>Some people think that the Subil is a moat formed by digging the earth for the jangal but as there is no embankment on the northern reach of the Subil now called the Ato nala. which merges in the Kalidaha bil; north of Mahasthan-garh O&#39;Donnell was probably right in saying that the Subil represents the western of the two branches into which the Karatoya divided above Mahasthan.</p><br>
<p>On the Bogra-Hazradighi section of thee jaligal, there are two cross embankments running down to the Karatoya, about 2 miles and 4 miles respectively north of Bogra town and there is a diagonal embankment connecting these cross bonds and then running along the Karatoya until it meets the main embankment near Bogra.</p><br>
<p>This jangal or embankment appears to have been of a military character, thrown up to protect the country on its east. The break roar Mahasthan may be due to the embankment having been washed away or to the existence of natural protection by the bit.</p><br>
<p>The Bhima to whom the embankment is ascribed may be the Kaivarta chief of the eleventh century who according to the Ramcharitam ruled over Varendra in succession to his father Rudraka and uncle Divyoka, who had ousted king Mahipala II of the Pala, dynasty. Bhima in his turn was defeated in battle and billed by Ramapala. Mahipala&#39;s son.</p><br>
<p>Jogir Bhaban South west of Bagtahali (beyond Chak Bariapara) and some 3 miles west of the khetlal road is a settlement of the Natha sect of Saiva sannyasis, known as Yogir-bhavan, forming the eastern section of Arora village. An account of this settlement is given by Beveridge, J.:1.S.T., 1878; p. 94. It occupies about so, bighas of land and forms the headquarters of the sect. of which there are branches at Yogigopha and Gorakh-kui, both in the Dinajpur District, the.former in its south-west part some 5 miles west of Paharpur, J.A.S.B.1875, p. 189, and the latter in its north-west part some 4 miles west of Nekmardan.</p><br>
<p>The shrines at Yogir-bhavan are situated in the south-west corner of an en¬closure or-math. One of them called Dharmma-dungi, bears a brick inscription, reading scrvva-siddha sana 1148 Sri Suphala... (the year=1741 A.D.). In front of it is another shrine called `Gadighar, where a fire is kept burn at all hours.</p><br>
<p>Outside the enclose are four temples, dedicated respectively to Kalabhai¬rava, Sarvamangala Durga and Gorakshanatha. The Kalabhairava temple contains a diva linga and bears a brick inscription reading Sri Ramasiddha sana 1173 sala (=1766 A.D.) ample Sri Jayanatha Nara-Narayana. The Sarva¬mangala temple contains three images of Hara-Gauri, one of Mahishamardini, a fragment of an Ashta-matrika slab, a fragment of a three-faced female figure probably Ushnishavijava (Sadhanamala; II. pl. XIV) and a four-armed female figure playing on a vina (evidently Sarasvati, but worshipped here as Sarva¬ mangala). Over the entrance is a brick inscription reading 1089 Meher Natha sadaka sri Abhirama Mehetara (the year=1681 A.D.). In the Durga temple is a stone image of Chamunda, and in the Gorakshanatha one, a Siva lihga. There are three brick built samadhis near the latter temple.</p><br>
<p>Arora South-west of the Dadhisugar and standing on the Masandighi, in Arora village; is Salvan Rajar bari referred to under Baghahali. This Silvan may possibly be the same as king Salavahan, son of Sahila-deva of the Chamba inscription who won the title of Kari-ghata-varsha (=hunjara-ghata-varsha ?) (R. C. Majumdar, vange kambojadhikara,&#39; vanga-rani, Chaitara, 1330.B.S.p. 251, ind. Ant, XVII.pp. 7–13). Beveridge refers to this mound in JA.S.B., 1878, p 95.</p><br>
<p>This name of Sahila seems, to occur again in Sahiladitya lakshmam in v. 10 of the Silimpllr inscription (Ep. Ind, XIII, p. 291). If this identification is correct, then the word kaunjanraghatacarshcna in the Bangarh stone inscription (Gauda-raja-mala, p. 35) is really the title or virudha of the Gudapati of the Kumboja family and not the date of the inscription.</p><br>
<p>Teghar North of Chandnia that the road skirts the bil and comes to Teghar village Which juts out into the bil &#39;Near about here are several mounds; such as Naras¬patir dhap. Kacher Angina (or glazed courtyard, a term applied to many ruins in these parts) etc. The biggest of these mounds, Mangal-nather dhap, (Fig. 6) is situated close to the point, from which a road branches off to Bihar. It is said that terra-cotta plaques as well as stone images were found at this site, but were all consigned to the neighbouring dighi.</p><br>
<p>Rojakpur Proceeding westward along the road from Gokul to Haripur, we pass into the western arm of the latter village, already referred to. and meet the Bogra¬ Khetlal road near the Chandnia hat. West of Haripur and south of the Somrai bil is the village of Rojakpur, into which, as already stated, the elevated ground from Chandnia hat extends. On this ground are two mounds called respectively Chandbhita. (probably referring to the Manasa legend) and Dhanbhandar. A little further west is another mound called Singhinath Dhap.</p><br>
<p>Mathura East of Bumanpara and extending up to the garh on the east and the Kalidaha bill on the north, is the village of Mathura, in Which there are several tank and on a ridge overlooking the Gilatala moat, two mounds called Parasuramer Sabhabati and Yogir Dhap.</p><br>
<h2>Threats to Mahasthangarh</h2><br>
<p>In a 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund identified Mahasthangarh as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and damage, citing insufficient management (poor water drainage in particular) and looting as primary causes.</p><br>
<h2>Anecdote</h2><br>
<p>There is a local legend that Shah Sultan Balkhi Mahisawar arrived at Pundravardhana in the garb of a fakir (mystic holy pedlar of Islamic philosophy) riding a fish. (Mahisawar is Sanskrit-Persian word meaning a person who rides a fish). He came from Balkh in Afghanistan with a retinue. The period of his arrival is variably put at 5th century AD, 11th century AD and 17th century AD. At that time there was a king named Parasuram with his seat and palace in Mahasthangarh. Mahisawar requested Parasuram for a piece of land to spread his prayer mat on which he could pray. The request was granted but the prayer mat started expanding as soon as it was laid on the ground. When the prayer mat reached the area around the palace bewildered Parasuram declared war. In the beginning the battle seemed to be favouring Parasuram. A scavenger Harapala informed Mahisawar that it was difficult to defeat the royal troops because of the pool called Jiat Kunda. A dead soldier bathed in the waters of Jiat Kunda came back to life. On knowing this Mahisawar asked a kite to drop a piece of beef in Jiat Kunda. When this was done, the pool lost its powers. The royal troops were on the verge of defeat. The commander of the royal troops, Chilhan, with a large number of his followers, went over to Mahisawar. Thereafter Parasuram and many members of the royal family committed suicide. There are many variations of this anecdote, some of which are sold in Bengali booklets in and around Mahasthangarh/Pundravardhana.</p><br>
<h2>Some antiquity comparisons</h2><br>
<p>Mahasthangarh dates back to at least 3rd century BC and is acknowledged as the earliest city-site so far discovered in Bangladesh. Somapura Mahavihara at Paharpur in Naogaon District was once the biggest Buddhist monastery south of the Himalayas. It dates from the 8th century AD. Mainamati ruins in Comilla District date back to 6th–13th centuries AD. In neighbouring West Bengal, the ruins of Pandu Rajar Dhibi on the banks of the Ajay River in Bardhaman district date back to 2000 BC. However, this recent archaeological discovery has not yet been properly studied by outside experts and specialists in this field, and as such the historical value of many of the statements must be considered as uncertain. The ruins at Chandraketugarh in 24 Parganas South and Rajbadidanga in Murshidabad district date back to the early years of the Christian era.</p><br>
<h2>Buddhist Viharas</h2><br>
<p>Somapura Vihara</p><br>
<p>Halud Vihara</p><br>
<p>Vasu Vihara</p><br>
<p>Ananda Vihara</p><br>
<p>Sitakot Vihara</p><br>
<p>Conception Bay  is a bay on the southeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada.</p><br>
<p>The population (in 2011) of people living in municipalities (or unincorporated census subdivisions) located along the coast of Conception Bay was 90,490 making it one of the most densely populated areas of the province. Conception Bay is adjacent to the St. John&#39;s Metropolitan Area which contains 5 of the 10 largest settlements in the province and is home to over 100,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The smaller communities in Newfoundland may often be referenced by the Bay in which they are located, e.g.: Port de Grave, CB.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The bay indents the Avalon Peninsula, opening towards the Atlantic Ocean at its northeast. It is bounded by Cape St. Francis 47&deg; latitude, 48.63&deg; longitude in the south and Split Point 48&deg; latitude, 05.99&deg; longitude near Bay de Verde in the north. It has a maximum depth of 300 metres (980 ft).</p><br>
<p>Conception Bay covers an area of 1295 square kilometres and contains several islands, the three largest being Bell Island, Little Bell Island and Kellys Island. The Bay is fed by rivers from its east and west, which flow on into the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Conception Bay comes from the Portuguese Baía da Conceição or Baia de Comceica and was presumably given in honour of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, December 8. The name first appears on the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504–1505.</p><br>
<p>Conception Bay was the site of Britaniola Colony, established in 1610. It was the site of Sea-Forest Plantation founded in 1610 and Bristol&#39;s Hope Plantation founded in 1619. During the 1610s, the Bay was the hideout of the infamous Newfoundland based buccaneer, Peter Easton; artifacts from the 17th-century confirmed the presence of Easton and his pirate crew in the Bay, such as Spanish coins, found to be minted in Peru. There was trade between Newfoundland and Bilbao during the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1890s to the 1960s, Bell Island was home to an iron ore mine in Wabana, operated most recently by the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation (DOSCO). The ore was shipped for processing to DOSCO&#39;s steel mill in Sydney, Nova Scotia.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, anchored DOSCO cargo ships, along with the loading pier at Wabana, were the target of Nazi U-boats on at least two occasions. During one attack on anchored ore carriers, a torpedo missed its target and struck the pier, making Bell Island one of the few places in North America to suffer a direct enemy attack (see Attacks on North America during World War II). The wrecks of the four cargo ships sunk during these two attacks are visible at low tide; a memorial on shore is dedicated to the 69 merchant sailors who lost their lives.</p><br>
<p>Since 2011 Memorial University of Newfoundland has been conducting archaeological excavations at Carbonear bordering the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Other information</h2><br>
<p>The provincial government operates a passenger-vehicle ferry service from Bell Island to Portugal Cove (on the bay&#39;s southeastern shore), operating through what locals know as the "Bell Island Tickle."</p><br>
<p>Humpback whales have been known to enter the bay while migrating. Private vessels and tourist charters frequent the bay&#39;s waters during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>Property development in the St. John&#39;s exurb of Conception Bay South in recent decades has led to increasing recreational use of the bay.</p><br>
<p>Nosy Be  is an island off the northwest coast of Madagascar. Nosy Be is Madagascar&#39;s largest and busiest tourist resort. It has an area of 320.02 km&sup2; and its population was officially estimated at 73,010 in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Nosy Be means "big island" in the Malagasy language. The island was called Assada during the early colonial era of the seventeenth century. Nosy Be has been given several nicknames over the centuries, including "Nosy Manitra" (the scented island).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first human inhabitants of Nosy Be were small bands of Antankarana and Zafinofotsy, before the Sakalava migrated there and became the most numerous ethnic group on the island. These people were joined later by some Comorians, Indians or Antandroy.</p><br>
<p>Nosy Be made first major appearance in Madagascars history when King Radama I announced that he intended to conquer the whole west of the red island up to the sea. That plan was eventually achieved when the Sakalava Kingdom of Boina came into his possession in 1837 when Queen Tsiomeko of Boinas army was defeated. The French colonized the island from 1840, founding an outpost named Hell-Ville (from French Admiral de Hell). In 1849, slavery was abolished by the French, though the slaves were owned by Malagasies. It caused a Malagasy revolt against the French. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the island was ruled by the French, using military force and diplomacy to maintain their position in the Island. Though it was difficult for the French to control the littoral, they found a plantation colony in Nosy Be, mainly producing sugar and cash crops.</p><br>
<p>During the Russo-Japanese War Nosy Be became a supply station for Russia&#39;s Second Pacific Squadron. The main fleet led by Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky reached Nosy Be on January 9, 1905, where it met a smaller detachment led by Admiral Dmitry von Fölkersam that had arrived already on December 28, 1904. The fleet stayed for two months for refurbishing and coaling, leaving on March 17 to meet its fate ten weeks later at the Battle of Tsushima.</p><br>
<h3>Lynching of tourists, 2013</h3><br>
<p>The island, like most of Madagascar suffers from an extreme level of uncertainty linked to crime and violence. Rumours quickly turn into accusations in Madagascar and lynchings are common, even for allegations related to traffic accidents or theft. On October 3, 2013, the body of an eight-year boy was discovered at the beach of Ambatoloaka on the island. The condition of the body was poor after one week in the water and a rumour was spread that the child had been murdered by Western organ-trafficking tourists. The uncle of the boy, a local named Zaidou was retained by the local police for questioning, but a violent mob gathered to storm the local jail to punish the supposed murderer. As the uncle was not found, the anger of the mob turned to the Westerners having been in contact with the person, that is a French 38-year divorced busdriver, Sébastien Judalet, and a 50-year old French-Italian cook, Roberto Gianfalla. Sébastien Judalet was found and dragged from his small hotel at 3 am in the morning to the beach of Ambatoloaka where the large mob repeatedly hits him with sticks and stones. The police received at least five calls from bystanders or expatriates, but did not respond although two police officers actually joined the mob, one of which who was filming the lynching on his smartphone. After three hours of torture and humiliation, the naked and bleeding tourists were put into car tires and thrown alive into a bonfire on the beach. In the afternoon of October 3, 2013, the uncle Zaidou was found driving on the island, a mob of several hundred quickly lynched him by burning him alive on a public street next to a mosque at about 5pm. Both events were filmed abundantly by the bystanders, publishing the murders on the internet. In spite of this mass of evidence, the local justice took two years of investigation to finally convict Oct 9,2015 four members of the mob to lifetime imprisonment and six others to shorter sentences, 26 suspects in custody were released without charge as well as the two police officiers. A local politician, Joseph Yoland, is claimed to have incited the killings on his radio station at the island, but the charges were dropped when the court allegedly was unable to retrieve any recordings of the aired shows that evening. The French authorities are warning travellers for "high risk of assaults, that could be extremely violent", US travellers are also advised " be aware of the potential for mob violence and ‘popular justice’ that is sometimes directed towards foreign nationals.". The lynching in Nosy Be is a rare public murder of expatriates in Madagascar, most lynchings concern locals. However, expatriates are frequently subject to kidnapping and extortion, such as the January 2015 kidnapping of a 12-year French child outside of his school, and two separate kidnappings of French citizens of indo-pakistani origin in April 2016 that triggered the intervention of the French SWAT team (GIGN) in Madagascar.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nosy Be is located about eight kilometers (8 km) from the coast of Madagascar in the Mozambique Channel; several smaller islands are located nearby, including Nosy Komba, Nosy Mitsio, Nosy Sakatia, and Nosy Tanikely. The island&#39;s main town is Andoany.</p><br>
<p>The volcanic island has an area of about 312 km&sup2, and reaches its highest peak at Mont Lokobe at 450 m; the volcano is of Holocene origin but has not erupted in recorded history. There are eleven volcanic crater lakes on the island.</p><br>
<p>The island is known for having one of the worlds smallest frogs (Stumpffia pygmaea) and chameleon (Brookesia minima). The Lokobe Reserve is one of Madagascars five Strict Nature Reserves (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales). Nosy Be is also home to a specific color of panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis).</p><br>
<h3>Omura's whale</h3><br>
<p>Recent studies indicate that adjacent waters around the channel between Nosy Be and the Madagascar host a habitat for notable number of Omura&#39;s whale, and this has allowed researchers to conduct field studies targeting this rare, one of the least known species, for the first time.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Nosy Be has a tropical climate. It is most humid in summer (December, January, February). The Tsaratanana massif partially protects the island from the strong north-east winds affecting the region in August or during tropical depressions.</p><br>
<h3>Weather</h3><br>
<p>The only live real-time accurate weather station of the island is located in the Lokobe Reserve at the Doany Beach Guesthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island constitutes a department within Diana Region and is organized as the City of Nosy Be (Commune Urbaine de Nosy Be). Its mayor is Mr. Ali Aboudou.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Once a major location of plantation of sugar cane and production of its derived products (sugar, rum), the island&#39;s main activities are now the plantation of Ylang Ylang (for the production of essential oils) and tourism. Nosy Be is the most developed tourism destination in Madagascar. This is the only place in Madagascar where all-inclusive large resorts can be found.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The island is served by Fascene Airport. The airport is serviced by commercial flight with AIr Madagascar, Air Austral, Ewa, and has direct flights from Europe on Air Italy. Its main city and harbour, Hell-Ville, can be reached by boat from Ankify.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>French international schools:</p><br>
<p>École primaire française Lamartine</p><br>
<h2>Twin towns — sister cities</h2><br>
<p>Nosy Be is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Naples, Italy</p><br>
<p>Glen Echo Park is an arts and cultural center located in Glen Echo, Maryland that, in its former incarnation, was a popular Washington, D.C.-area amusement park that operated for several decades from the early 1900s to the 1960s. The arts and cultural center takes its name from the amusement park.</p><br>
<p>Located roughly nine miles northwest from downtown Washington, D.C., the site of Glen Echo Park was originally conceived and developed as a National Chautauqua Assembly in 1891. Following the foreclosure and sale of the Chautauqua grounds in 1903, leisure facilities were then developed for the growing population of Washington, D.C. In 1911, the site was significantly expanded to become Glen Echo Amusement Park, which operated continuously until its closure in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Today Glen Echo Park is one of the more important cultural resources in the Washington, D.C. area, offering hundreds of classes, workshops and performances in the visual and performing arts. The facility is well known for its Art Deco architecture, an antique Dentzel carousel, a historic Spanish Ballroom, as well as its children&#39;s theaters, social dance programs, and many public festivals, including Family Day and the Washington Folk Festival. Each year more than 400,000 people attend events and participate in instructional activities at the park. The National Park Service also offers park history tours and maintains a visitors area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Chautauqua</h3><br>
<p>Edwin and Edward Baltzley, inventors, industrialists, and real estate developers, hoped to build upon the banks of the Potomac River a suburban community free of the urban pollution of late-nineteenth century Washington. In order to compete with other suburban developments, the Baltzley brothers planned a series of opulent attractions for their would-be community.</p><br>
<p>On February 24, 1891, the Baltzley brothers incorporated the National Chautauqua of Glen Echo, the 53rd such assembly, and immediately set to building a stone citadel of culture to complement their real estate and resort enterprises. Opened on June 16, 1891, their arts and culture program included lectures and concerts in a six-thousand-seat amphitheater; special classes in Bible studies, Greek, and Hebrew; physical training regimens; and university extension courses. Hundreds flocked to the site to picnic, attend lectures on American history by Jane Meade Welch, courses on ancient Egypt by Lysander Dickerman, and concerts by John Philip Sousa and his band. Clara Barton, encouraged by the Baltzleys, not only located her home and the American Red Cross headquarters at Glen Echo, but she presided over the Women’s Executive Committee for the Chautauqua itself. The inaugural season’s success warranted an extension well into August.</p><br>
<h4>The Chautauqua’s Failure</h4><br>
<p>By the spring of 1892 the various Baltzley enterprises were gravely in debt. On April 7, 1892, the Glen Echo Sand and Building Company, a Baltzley subsidiary, borrowed a large sum of money giving the Chautauqua site as collateral. This was one of many Baltzley mortgages on the site. The financial difficulties spread to the Glen Echo Railroad Company, yet another Baltzley enterprise, which, because of the USA Army Corps of Engineers and the adjacent Washington Aqueduct system, had failed to bring the much anticipated street car service to the Chautauqua site and Glen Echo Village.</p><br>
<p>Compounding their overextended credit, the Baltzley brothers found themselves the victim of common rumor. At the beginning of the 1892 season, rumor had spread throughout Washington that Glen Echo was rampant with malaria. Regardless of the validity of these accusations, when combined with the brother’s precarious finances, the Chautauqua site fell into disuse.</p><br>
<h3>Amusement park</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century the Chautauqua site was turned into an amusement park named Glen Echo Park. The amusement park was one of the larger establishments of its type in the Washington, D.C. area, and was very popular well into the late 1940s. By the mid-1950s, however, attendance began to decline due to the growing popularity of larger regional theme parks, such as Disneyland. Another blow to the park occurred in 1960 when the trolley line from Washington, D.C. ceased operation. The amusement park managed to continue operations for a few more years, but was finally closed after the 1968 season.</p><br>
<p>Like many public facilities in and around the Washington area, Glen Echo Park was restricted to whites for 63 out of the first 70 years of its history. On June 30, 1960, to draw attention to the continuing segregation, a group of college students (primarily from Howard University) staged a sit-in protest on the carousel. Five African American students were subsequently arrested for trespassing. The arrests were appealed to the Supreme Court four years later, and the convictions were reversed in Griffin v. Maryland on the grounds that the state had unconstitutionally used its police power to help a private business enforce its racial discrimination policy. This led to an eleven-week civil rights campaign against Park policies with students and residents of the nearby Bannockburn community joining together to demand change. As a result, the park opened its doors to all races for the 1961 season.</p><br>
<h4>Carousel</h4><br>
<p>The last operating park ride, and one of the highlights of the park today, is a 1921 Dentzel menagerie carousel with 38 horses, 2 chariots, 4 rabbits, 4 ostriches, a lion, a tiger, a giraffe, and a prancing deer. In its heyday the carousel sported an operating brass ring, in which daring riders could reach out and pull a ring out of a holder next to the carousel. Grabbing a brass ring would win the lucky rider a free ride. The brass ring arm is still visible today, although it no longer operates.</p><br>
<p>The face of the carousel had changed greatly since 1921, with the animals, rounding boards, inner drum panels, and band organ receiving several new coats of paint over the years. An installation photograph from 1921, as compared to the carousel in 1983, showed an original design of the body and tack on the Indian horse that was very different from the present-day animal. Chipping away at the horse&#39;s paint revealed several strata of differently colored and styled paint jobs spanning the past sixty years, with the original 1921 paint at the bottom.</p><br>
<p>The carousel was restored by specialist Rosa Ragan, who has restored several other carousels in the United States. She restored the Indian horse by removing the park paint, exposing as much of the original paint as possible, and filling in the gaps in the original paint, a process called inpainting, before covering the horse in a protective varnish. This process, however, exposed the original paint to damage from riders, thus rendering the horse unrideable. In order to restore each animal without risking damage to the original paint, Ragan developed a new process of uncovering the original paint job, recording the colors and design, and then covering the original paint with a reversible varnish before giving the animal a white base coat and repainting it in the original colors. However, Ragan did leave a small window of original paint exposed on each animal for riders to find.</p><br>
<p>These glimpses of the original 1921 paint are called "windows to the past" and can be found on the plain side (the inward-facing side) of each animal. Ragan&#39;s 20-year restoration of the carousel completely overhauled the animals, the band organ, and the rounding boards and drum panels, returning the carousel to its original beauty and splendor.</p><br>
<p>The carousel was in a scene in the 1989 comedy Chances Are starring Robert Downey Jr. and Cybill Shepherd. The carousel was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h4>Incidents at Glen Echo Park</h4><br>
<p>In 1918 the first fatality at the amusement park occurred when Joseph J. Hamel, a 43 year old stone cutter from Washington, fell from a Gravity Railway car while sitting on top of the back of one of the seats. Hamel was rushed to Georgetown Hospital but died the next day.</p><br>
<h3>Management by National Park Service</h3><br>
<p>Since 1971, Glen Echo Park has been part of the National Park Service. Various renovations, backed by government funds and individual donations, have been undertaken throughout the park, notably the Spanish Ballroom, the Arcade building that now hosts art classes and art studios, and the art deco style neon sign.</p><br>
<h2>Arts and Cultural Center</h2><br>
<h3>Management by Glen Echo Park Partnership for Arts and Culture</h3><br>
<p>Glen Echo Park is managed by the Glen Echo Park Partnership for Arts and Culture in cooperation with Montgomery County, Maryland, and the National Park Service. Established by Montgomery County in 2002, the Partnership is a nonprofit organization charged with managing Glen Echo Park’s arts programs and facilities, including its historic buildings. The Partnership&#39;s mission is to present vibrant artistic, cultural, and educational offerings at the Park and to promote the Park as a unique destination for the region’s diverse population. In collaboration with Montgomery County and the National Park Service, the Partnership works with resident artists and organizations to develop distinctive arts programming; operates the historic Dentzel carousel and the Spanish Ballroom; presents an extensive social dance program; produces festivals and special events; conducts fundraising and marketing; and manages and maintains all facilities.</p><br>
<h3>Resident Arts Programs</h3><br>
<p>Glen Echo Park is home to thirteen resident artists and arts organizations. The resident artists and organizations offer classes, concerts, exhibitions, open studios hours, workshops, and lectures. Resident programs and artists include: Adventure Theatre MTC, Art Glass Center at Glen Echo, Glen Echo Glassworks, Glen Echo Pottery, J. Jordan Bruns, Photoworks, Playgroup in the Park, the Puppet Co., SilverWorks, Under the Sea, Washington Conservatory of Music, Yellow Barn Studio & Gallery, and Young Creative Spirit.</p><br>
<h3>Special Events & Concerts</h3><br>
<p>The park hosts several family festivals and special events throughout the year, including Family Day (when the carousel opens for the season), Then & Wow, Labor Day Art Show, Irish Music and Dance Showcase, Washington Folk Festival, Fall Frolic, and Winter&#39;s Eve. From June through August, the Glen Echo Park Partnership presents a free summer concert series each Thursday night in the Bumper Car Pavilion.</p><br>
<h3>Social Dance Program</h3><br>
<p>Glen Echo Park offers a broad array of social dance events and classes as part of its standard programs. There are regular dances and classes in waltz, swing, contra, and salsa. Dances take place in the historic Spanish Ballroom, the Bumper Car Pavilion, and the recently renovated, climate-controlled Ballroom Annex (The Back Room). A renovation of the Spanish Ballroom in 2003 returned it to its original splendor, giving it continued prominence as one of the premiere sites for dancing in the Washington DC area. Approximately 60,000 people attend Glen Echo Park&#39;s dances each year.</p><br>
<p>All social dances are open to the public, for all ages, with no prior experience or partner required. All dances offer an introductory lesson before the dance begins and most include live music. Alcohol is prohibited on park grounds, and smoking is prohibited in all buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Park Images</h2><br>
<p>Pictures of Glen Echo Park are available on Wikimedia Commons page on Glen Echo.</p><br>
<p>Hrazdan  is a major river and the second largest in Armenia. It originates at the northwest extremity of Lake Sevan and flows south through the Kotayk Province and Armenia&#39;s capital, Yerevan; the lake in turn is fed by several streams. In the Ararat plain it joins the Aras River along the border with Turkey. A series of hydro-electric plants have been constructed on the river. Its waters are in demand to irrigate crops.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>The river was called Ildaruni in Urartian. It was later known by the Turkic name Zangu (Զանգու), Zanga, Zangi, or Zengy (Zengi; Zəngi).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Sevan Lakes (with 30 rivers contributing to its storage), the largest located in the central part of the country and the Hrazdan River which originates from it, together form the "Sevan-Hrazdan Management Area", which is one of the five sub-basins of the 14 sub-basins of Kura and Araks basins of Armenia. The river originates from the lake at an elevation of 1,900 m. The river which flows from the lake in a southern direction passes through a deep gorge as it enters on the western side of the Yerevan city, and then debauchees into the Aras River on the southern side of the city. The geological formations along the river course are made up of lava flows (existing as basalts) generated from three volcanoes in the Gegham range. The lava surfaces represent environments that existed in the form of "lakes, river channels and floodplains". The chronology of landscape of the upper most layer of basalts indicates an age of 200,000 years.</p><br>
<p>The river drains a total catchment area of 2,566 km&sup2;. Precipitation volume is 1572 million cubic metre from an annual rainfall of 257 mm with a maximum of 43 mm in May and a minimum of 8 mm during August. The average temperature recorded in the basin varies from -3 &deg;Cin January to 26 &deg;C in July with diurnal variation with the lowest night temperature of -15 &deg;C in January and highest day temperature of 44 &deg;C in July. The total flow in the river is 733 million cubic meter. The regulated outflow into the river, which forms the Ararat Valley, is utilized for irrigation and hydro-power benefits.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The fauna reported from the river includes 33 species of chironomids and 23 species of blackflies. The chironomids belong to five subfamilies of Tanypodinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae, Orthocladiinae, and Chironominae. 25 species of invertebrates comprising two species of rotifers, 13 species of cladocerans and 10 species of copepods have been recorded in the river.</p><br>
<p>While the fish species contained in the lake consist of the Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan) or “Prince Fish,” siga, crucian, carp, crayfish, bojak (Salmo ischchan danilewskii) and winter bakhtak (Salmo ischchan ischchan) and summer bakhtak (Salmo ischchan aestivalis), the river is reported to have species of crayfish as well as karas and crayfish in abundance.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>The lake waters have been used for irrigation from the 19th century, and from early 20th century Hydro-power development has also been implemented. The lake waters were planned to be used through the river for irrigating 100,000 hectare in the Ararat Valley out of which an irrigation of 80,000 hectare was created. The hydro-power development was planned on the river as the Sevan–Hrazdan Cascade involving seven schemes in a 70 km stretch of the river with a total installed capacity of 560 MW with mean annual energy generation of around 500 million kilowatt hours; it is the largest hydro-power generating scheme in Armenia.</p><br>
<p>The civil works involved construction of diversion works, open canals or tunnels and power house which over the years were in need of substantial rehabilitation as they were all built around the middle of the twentieth century. In 2003, the International Energy Corporation", a Closed Joint Stock Company, acquired the projects from the Public Services Regulatory Commission of the country under a license No. 0108 for generation of electrical energy. Right from the time of acquisition they started rehabilitating the projects to maximize power generation. The works were completed during 2004. The works were carried out under a US$25 million loan from the Asian Development Bank.</p><br>
<h2>River pollution</h2><br>
<p>The river water is polluted by effluent flows from agricultural, commercial, industrial, and residential development, but particularly by the untreated wastewater from Yerevan. This affects the water quality in the river with dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (less than 5% of the saturated dissolved oxygen level) remaining much lower than the permissible limits. A study carried out in 2008 indicates that a 16 km stretch of the river, from 2 km upstream of the Yerevan waste water outfalls to 14 km below, is insufficiently aerated to provide a healthy environment for aquatic life.</p><br>
<p>Therasia, also known as Thirasía , is an island in the volcanic island group of Santorini in the Greek Cyclades. It lies north-west of Nea Kameni, a small island formed in recent centuries by volcanic activity and thus marking the centre of the island group. Therasia is the second largest island of the group, the largest by far being Thera.</p><br>
<p>Therasia has a land area of 9.299 km² and its population was 319 inhabitants at the 2011 census. It is part of the municipal unit of Oia (Δημοτική Ενότητα Οίας).</p><br>
<p>Thera and Therasia were separated by the Thera eruption.</p><br>
<p>At Knossos, in a LMIIIA context (14th century BC), seven Linear B texts while calling upon "all the gods" make sure to grant primacy to an elsewhere-unattested entity called qe-ra-si-ja and, once, qe-ra-si-jo. However this probably refers to a god or a person rather than to an island *Qherasia &gt; Therasia.</p><br>
<p>Thirasia is also the book of Greek poet Dimitris Varos that became a music album and theatrical performance by Greek composer Giannis Markopoulos under the title Daring Communication - Electric Theseus.</p><br>
<h2>Villages</h2><br>
<p>Agía Eiríni (pop. 39 in 2011)</p><br>
<p>Agrilia (2)</p><br>
<p>Manolas (160)</p><br>
<p>Ormos Korfou (5)</p><br>
<p>Potamos (113)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The Dale Hollow Reservoir is a reservoir situated on the Kentucky/Tennessee border. The lake is formed by the damming of the Obey River, 7.3 miles  above its juncture with the Cumberland River at river mile 380. Portions of the lake also cover the Wolf River. Dale Hollow is one of four major flood control reservoirs for the Cumberland; the others being J. Percy Priest Dam, Wolf Creek Dam, and Center Hill Dam. It is also the site of Dale Hollow Lake State Park on the north  side.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Dale Hollow Reservoir lies mainly in northern Tennessee, where it covers portions of Clay, Pickett, and Overton Counties. Small arms of the lake also extend northward into the Kentucky counties of Cumberland and Clinton. The project consists of 27,700 acres (112 km²) of water and 24,842 acres (101 km²) of surrounding land.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dale Hollow Dam and Lake was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1938 and the River and Harbor Act of 1946. The project was completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1943, making the lake the oldest artificial lake in Kentucky. Hydroelectric power generating units were added in 1948, 1949 and 1953. The project was designed by the Corps of Engineers and built under their supervision by private contractors. The hydroelectric generators of Dale Hollow Dam are used to supply power to the surrounding countryside. The dam, powerplant and reservoir are currently operated by the Nashville District of the Corps.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The lake is also used recreationally. Water sports are moderately popular, especially water skiing. Wakeboarding and tubing are two more water sports that can be seen regularly. The main recreational use is fishing.</p><br>
<p>Dale Hollow is well known as a prime location for smallmouth bass fishing, currently holding the world record for the largest such fish ever taken (11 lb., 15 oz). It is the lake that is linked with the name Billy Westmorland, famed smallmouth angler of Celina, Tennessee. The lake and surrounding rivers, the Cumberland River and the Obey River also contain other species such as largemouth bass, crappie, muskellunge, walleye, catfish, gar, and trout.</p><br>
<p>The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency and Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife each maintain jurisdiction over the lake&#39;s waters within their respective states. There is a reciprocal fishing agreement between the agencies, so recreational fisherman may be licensed by either state in order to fish in the reciprocal zone. Fishermen in areas of the lake outside the zone must be licensed by the governing agency.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Geiger Island is an island in Dale Hollow Lake. It is designated as a primitive camping site by the Army Corps of Engineers, which manages Dale Hollow Lake. According to author Darren Shell, the site sees heavy usage during the summer months, and was a traditional camping site of the Boy Scout troops in the area for many years. Henry Geiger, the founder of nearby Cedar Lake Camp, a Christian youth camp in Livingston, Tennessee, was the first to begin camping on the island. The island bears his name.</p><br>
<p>Čvrsnica is a mountain in the Dinarides of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in northern Herzegovina, most of the mountain is located in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton municipalities of Mostar and Jablanica while the smaller part of the mountain, around 10% is located in the municipality of Posušje. The highest peak  is 2228 metres.</p><br>
<p>Čvrsnica is surrounded by the river Neretva from the east (20 km), its tributaries Doljanka (18 km) from the north and (19.8 km) from the south, the Dugo Polje field (12 km) and Vran mountain from west. The mountain consists of several plateaus &mdash; Plasa and Muharnica on north, Mala Čvrsnica on south. There are more than ten summits above 2000 m (Plocno 2228 m, Veliki Jelinak 2179 m, Veliki Vilinac 2118 m, etc.), vertical cliffs (Pesti brdo, Mezica stijene, Strmenica...). It also includes lakes of Blidinje, Crepulja and Crvenjak. The Diva Grabovica canyon (6.2 km) goes into the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Bio-life is characteristic of its three climate areas: conifers above 1200 m, plateau with grass and junipers; numerous endemic species (like Munika Pine). Čvrsnica is well known as a home of chamois.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The mountain exhibits three types of climate: Mediterranean at the base of the mountain, central European on hillsides and alpine on summits and plateaus. Six months have average temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. January and February have 15&ndash;23 days of snow precipitation. Snow layer thickness can be 2.5&ndash;3 m. Strong wind can make snowdrifts even 15 m thick. The upper plateau is under the snow from November until April &mdash; in hidden parts snow remains whole year.</p><br>
<h3>Trivia</h3><br>
<p>Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića, a self-proclaimed micronation, the parodical project, is located between this mountain and the mountain Vran.</p><br>
<p>Watson Brake is an archaeological site in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, from the Archaic period. Dated to about 5400 years ago , Watson Brake is considered the oldest mound complex in North America. It is older than the Egyptian pyramids and England’s Stonehenge.</p><br>
<p>The arrangement of human-made mounds was constructed over centuries by members of a hunter-gatherer society, and is located in the floodplain of the Ouachita River, near present-day Monroe in northern Louisiana, United States. Watson Brake consists of an oval formation of eleven earthwork mounds from three to 25 ft in height, connected by ridges to form an oval nearly 900 ft across.</p><br>
<p>Watson Brake is dated to 1,900 years before the better-known Poverty Point in northern Louisiana, begun about 1500 BCE and previously thought to be the earliest mound site in North America. In the Americas, mound building started at an early date.</p><br>
<p>The discovery and dating of Watson Brake as a Middle Archaic site demonstrate that the pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic, indigenous cultures within the territory of the present-day United States were much more complex than previously thought. While primarily hunter-gatherers, they planned and organized large work forces over centuries to accomplish the complex mound and ridge constructions. Monumental constructions have marked the rise of social complexity worldwide. The earthen mounds of Eastern North America are linked to mankind&#39;s monument tradition.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and dating</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1980s, Reca Bamburg Jones, a local resident, brought this site to the attention of professional archaeologists. By 1981, after logging had revealed more of the site, Jones identified the pattern of eleven mounds connected by ridges, a complex that was 280 yards across. In 1983, Jones and John Belmont published the site in a survey of pre-history in the Ouachita River Valley. Around this time Joe Saunders, then regional archaeologist for the state, was shown the site.</p><br>
<p>The site had been privately controlled since the 1950s. Approximately half the site is still owned by several family members, who have allowed archaeological excavations and associated work. Recognizing the site&#39;s significance, in 1996 The Archaeological Conservancy purchased half the site and later sold it to the state for preservation.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1990s, radiocarbon dating by a team from Northeast Louisiana University established the great antiquity of the site. The team of Joe W. Saunders et al. published a paper in Science in 1997 that established the age of the mound complex.</p><br>
<p>The analysis of 27 radiocarbon dates indicates that the site was initially occupied around 4000 BCE during the Middle Archaic period. Mound construction began at approximately 3500 BCE, and continued for approximately 500 years.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of the middens indicate that Watson Brake may have been used as a "base by mobile hunter-gatherers from summer through fall." Saunders and his team suggest that the building episodes at Watson Brake coincide with periods of unpredictable rainfall caused by El Nino-Southern Oscillation events. They may represent "a communal response to new stresses of droughts and flooding that created a suddenly more unpredictable food base." Midden remains showed the population relied on fish, shellfish, and riverine animals, supplemented by local annuals: goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri), knotweed (Polygonum spp.), and possibly marshelder (Iva annua). Over time, the people consumed more terrestrial animals, such as deer, turkey, raccoon, opossum, squirrel, and rabbits, which was likely related to changing habitat and waterway conditions. The site appears to have been abandoned around 2800 BCE. This may have been caused by a "decline in the main channel, gravel/sand shoal habitats, backwater swamps, and small-stream habitats" near the site.</p><br>
<p>Together with other Middle Archaic sites in Louisiana and Florida, Watson Brake shows the development of complex societies among hunter-gatherer peoples. They occupied the site only on a seasonal basis, but were capable of planning and organizing complex monumental construction over a period of several hundred years.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to Poverty Point, where its residents made projectile points with materials traded from distant locations, including Wisconsin and Tennessee, the artifacts of Watson Brake show local materials and production. The projectile points are Middle to Late Archaic in age, and were produced more casually than those at Poverty Point. The people heated local gravel for cooking stones to steam some of their food. They created and fired earthenware items in a variety of shapes, but researchers have not yet determined their functions.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership and management</h2><br>
<p>Eight members of the Gentry family have owned most of the site since the 1950s. One member declines to sell property to the state, so the site is not available for public viewing. The family have allowed archaeologists to do research on site.</p><br>
<p>The James A. Farley Post Office Building is the main United States Postal Service building in New York City. Its ZIP code designation is 10001. Built in 1912, the building is famous for bearing the inscription: "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds." Formerly the General Post Office Building, it was officially renamed in 1982 as a monument and testament to the political career of the nation&#39;s 53rd Postmaster General James Farley.</p><br>
<p>The Farley Post Office is home to "Operation Santa", made famous in the classic film Miracle on 34th Street (1947), and it is the inspiration for the post office in Terry Pratchetts novel Going Postal (2004), with its "Glom of nit" legend. It also made an appearance in the 2016 video game Tom Clancys The Division.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Farley Building consists of the old general post office building and its western annex. The Farley building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and occupies two full city blocks, an 8 acre footprint straddling the tracks of the Northeast Corridor and the Farley Corridor (sub-district B) in western Midtown Manhattan. The building fronts on the west side of Eighth Avenue, across from Pennsylvania Station and Madison Square Garden. It is located at 421 Eighth Avenue, between 31st Street and 33rd Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>The Farley Post Office once held the distinction of being the only Post Office in New York City open to the public 24 hours a day, seven days a week. But in 2009, due to the economic downturn, its windows began to close at 10:00 p.m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and design</h3><br>
<p>The James A. Farley Building was constructed in two stages. The original monumental front half was built in 1912 and opened for postal business in 1914; the building was doubled in 1934 by then Postmaster General James A. Farley and replaced the City Hall Post Office at Park Row and Broadway, built 1869-80. Postmaster General Farleys historical association to the landmark is due to this expansion. Farleys building supply firm, the General Builders Supply Corporation, had received a federal contract under the Hoover Administration to provide building materials for the construction of the Post Office Annex. The General Builders Corporation supplied building materials toward the construction of such landmarks as the Empire State Building, Rockefeller Center, and the United Nations Headquarters. Farley was accused by then Senator Huey Long of Louisiana of receiving preferential treatment from the Roosevelt Administration, a charge that later proved to be false, as Farley would be cleared by the Senate of any wrongdoing in what would be known as "The Long-Farley Affair of 1935".</p><br>
<p>Where the landmark backs up to Ninth Avenue: along the side streets, McKim, Mead, and White&#39;s range, which continues its Corinthian giant order as pilasters between the window bays, was simply repeated in order to carry the facade to Ninth Avenue. The original building was one of the last built under the Tarsney Act. Up until 1893, all federal non-military structures were designed by in-house government architects in the Office of the Supervising Architect in the United States Treasury Department. The 1893 act introduced by a Missouri Congressman permitted the Supervisory Architect to pick private architects following a competition. Supervisory architect James Knox Taylor picked McKim for the New York post office. In 1913, the act was repealed partially in light of a scandal in which Taylor had picked his former Minnesota partner Cass Gilbert to design the Alexander Hamilton USA Custom House.</p><br>
<p>The monumental facade on Eighth Avenue was conceived as a Corinthian colonnade braced at the end by two pavilions. The imposing design was meant to match in strength the colonnade of Pennsylvania Station (McKim, Mead, and White, 1910) that originally faced it across the avenue. An unbroken flight of steps the full length of the colonnade provides access, for the main floor devoted to customer services is above a functional basement level that rises out of a dry moat giving light and air to workspaces below. Each of the square end pavilions is capped with a low saucer dome, expressed on the exterior as a low stepped pyramid. Inside, the visitor finds an unbroken vista down a long gallery that parallels the colonnaded front. The north end of the gallery houses a small Museum of Postal History.</p><br>
<p>The building prominently bears the inscription: Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds, which is frequently mistaken as the official motto of the United States Postal Service. It was actually supplied by William Mitchell Kendall of the firm of McKim, Mead & White, the architects who designed the Farley Building and the original Pennsylvania Station in the same Beaux-Arts style. The sentence is taken from Herodotus&#39; Histories (Book 8, Ch. 98) and describes the faithful service of the Persian system of mounted postal messengers under Xerxes I of Persia. The USAP.S. does not actually have an official motto or creed, but nonetheless the inscription on the building is often cited as such.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling of the front reception hall is decorated with carved national emblems or coats of arms of ten major nations at the time of the building&#39;s construction: the United States, the United Kingdom, the German Empire, the French Third Republic (represented by the cipher "R.F." for République Française since lacking an official national emblem), the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the Kingdom of Spain, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, and the Netherlands.</p><br>
<h3>Operation</h3><br>
<p>Upon opening in 1914, it was named the Pennsylvania Terminal. In July 1918, the building was renamed the General Post Office Building, and in 1982, was dedicated as the James A. Farley Building. (97th Congress, H.Res. 368 3/2/1982). James Farley was the nations 53rd Postmaster General and served from 1933 to 1940. He was also the supreme democratic party boss of New York State at the time, was responsible for Franklin D. Roosevelts rise to the Presidency, and is the first Roman Catholic politician in American history to have crossover appeal as a candidate for the office of the Presidency of the United States of America. Farley (a native New Yorker) was instrumental in the political careers of Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt (having served as campaign manager to both). Farley was a Democratic Party candidate for President of the United States in 1940 and opposed Roosevelt&#39;s third term.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Farley Building was instrumental to maintaining service levels in the New York City area following the September 11 attacks, when it served as a backup to operations for the Church Street Station Post Office located across the street from the World Trade Center complex. Advances in automated mail processing technology, coupled with adjustments to postal distribution and transportation networks, now make it feasible to absorb associated mail volumes at the Morgan Center.</p><br>
<p>The Farley post office stopped 24-hour service beginning on May 9, 2009, due to decreasing mail traffic. Effective May 9, 2009, the new hours at the James A. Farley Main Post Office are: Mon – Fri: 7 a.m. – 10 p.m., Saturday: 9a.m. – 9 p.m., and Sunday: 11 a.m. – 7 p.m. There is no window service on federal holidays, but the building is open and self-service kiosks are accessible.</p><br>
<h2>Plans</h2><br>
<p>Portions of the landmark James Farley Post Office are being adaptively reused and converted to house a new concourse for Amtrak. The Amtrak facility within the historic Farley Post Office will be named the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Station. Beyond retail lobby services, other postal operations that would remain in the building will include Express Mail, mail delivery, truck platforms, and a stamp depository. Administrative offices for the Postal Service&#39;s New York District will also be headquartered within Farley, and Operation Santa Claus will remain at the landmark post office.</p><br>
<p>The Arda is a torrent of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, nearly all of its course being within the province of Piacenza. It is a right tributary of the Po River.</p><br>
<p>It rises at an elevation of 1,200 m in the Ligurian Apennines on the north-west slopes of Monte Lama (near Monte Menegosa), within the commune of Morfasso. After about 15 km, at an elevation of 341 m, it is dammed to form the Lago di Mignano reservoir which covers about 2 km&sup2; and provides both a water supply and hydro-electric power.</p><br>
<p>The stream then flows through Lugagnano Val dArda and CastellArquato before entering the plain where it passes through Fiorenzuola dArda and Cortemaggiore. Before entering the Po, near Polesine Parmense, it is joined on the right by another torrent, the Ongina, whose source is in the Piacenza hills, between Alseno and CastellArquato.</p><br>
<p>The Arda follows the typical pattern of an Apennine torrent with maximum discharges during the spring and autumn rains and a minimal flow during the summer.</p><br>
<p>Monte Viso or Monviso , is the highest mountain of the Cottian Alps. It is located in Italy close to the French border. Monte Viso is well known for its pyramid-like shape and, because it is higher than all its neighbouring peaks by about 500 m, it can be seen from great distance, including from the Piedmontese plateau, the Langhe, the Theodulpass in the Zermatt ski area and the summits of the Mont Blanc massif. On a very clear day it can be seen from the spires of the Milan Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>It has been suggested that Monte Viso could be one of the mountains which inspired the Paramount logo.</p><br>
<p>In Italy is also known as Il Re di Pietra (The Stone King) because of his prominence within western Italian Alps landscape. From 29 May 2013, it has become UNESCO&#39;s heritage as a cross-border biosphere reserve with France.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>On the northern slopes of Monte Viso are the headwaters of the Po, the longest Italian river, the so-called Pian del Re (2,020 m). The Monviso group is surrounded by the Valle Po, Valle Varaita and, on the French side, the Guil valley. The northern sector of the group, from the Punta Gastaldi to the Col de la Traversette, is located on the French border.</p><br>
<h3>SOIUSA classification</h3><br>
<p>According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=South Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Cottian Alps</p><br>
<p>subsection=southern Cottian Alps</p><br>
<p>supergroup=catena Aiguillette-Monviso-Granero</p><br>
<p>group=gruppo del Monviso isa</p><br>
<p>subgroup=nodo del Monviso</p><br>
<p>code=I/A-4.I-C.8.a</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Monte Viso is the location of a neolithic jadeite quarry, at an elevation of 2000 to 2400 metres. Its productivity peaked around 5000 BC. The jadeite was used to make cult axes, which are found all over western Europe.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times the mountain was known as Vesulus.</p><br>
<p>Monte Viso was climbed for the first time on August 30, 1861 by William Mathews, Frederick Jacomb, Jean-Baptiste Croz and Michel Croz.</p><br>
<h2>Monte Viso in literature</h2><br>
<p>Monte Viso is mentioned by various authors, Italian and non-, including Dante, Petrarch, and Chaucer. Dante mentions the mountain in a long simile in Canto XVI of the Inferno as the source of the Montone River:</p><br>
<p>Come quel fiume c&#39;ha proprio cammino</p><br>
<p>prima dal Monte Viso nver levante,</p><br>
<p>da la sinistra costa d&#39;Apennino</p><br>
<p>Chaucer cites the mountain in the prologue to the Clerks Tale in his Canterbury Tales, in a passage adapted from Petrarchs Latin version of his "Tale of Griselda":</p><br>
<p>A prohemie, in which discryveth he,</p><br>
<p>Pemond, and of Saluces the contree,</p><br>
<p>And speketh of Appenyn, the hilles hye,</p><br>
<p>That been the boundes of West Lumbardye,</p><br>
<p>And of Mount Vesulus in special,</p><br>
<p>Wher as the Poo out of a welle smal,</p><br>
<p>Taketh his first spryngyng and his cours</p><br>
<p>That eastward ay encresseth in his cours</p><br>
<p>To Emele-ward, to Ferare and Venyse</p><br>
<p>The which a long thyng were to devyse.</p><br>
<p>(Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Clerk&#39;s Tale," from The Canterbury Tales)</p><br>
<p>Nestani  is a village and a community in the municipal unit Mantineia, Arcadia, Greece. It is situated at the foot of the mountain Artemisio, at about 700 m elevation. It was the seat of the former municipality Mantineia. The community Nestani also contains the village of Milea. Nestani is 11 km east of Kapsas, 13 km southwest of Lyrkeia  and 14 km northeast of Tripoli. The Moreas Motorway  passes west of the village.</p><br>
<p>The monastery of Panagia Gorgoepikοos is situated on a hill immediately southeast of the village. The Holy Mother of God is venerated there, with a celebration on 15 August. The present building dates from 1740. It is now a nunnery.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nestani was named after the ancient settlement Nestane, that was situated at the same place. Ancient Nestane was a village in the territory of the town Mantineia. Philip II of Macedon was said to have made his camp there. The ruined acropolis of Nestani and a spring named after Philip II can still be found near the present village.</p><br>
<p>The village of Tsipiana, which grew near the ancient ruins of Nestane, was renamed Nestani in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Côn Sơn, also known as Côn Lôn, is the largest island of the Côn Đảo archipelago, off the coast of southern Vietnam.</p><br>
<h2>Other names</h2><br>
<p>Its French variant Grande-Condore was well-known during the times of French Indochina. Marco Polo mentioned the island in the description of his 1292 voyage from China to India under the name Sondur and Condur. In Ptolemy&#39;s Geography, they are referred to as the Isles of the Satyrs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Nguyen lord period</h3><br>
<p>In 1702, the English East India Company founded a settlement on this island (the English called it Pulo Condore) off the south coast of southern Vietnam, and in 1705 the garrison and settlement were destroyed.</p><br>
<h3>Tay Son dynasty period</h3><br>
<p>In 1787, through the Treaty of Versailles, Nguyễn Ánh (the future Emperor Gia Long) promised to cede Poulo Condor to the French. In exchange Louis XVI promised to help Nguyễn Ánh to regain the throne, by supplying 1,650 troops (1,200 Kaffir troops, 200 artillery men and 250 black soldiers) on four frigates.</p><br>
<h3>Nguyen dynasty period</h3><br>
<p>In 1861, the French colonial government established Côn Đảo Prison on the island to house political prisoners. In 1954, it was turned over to the South Vietnamese government, who continued to use it for the same purpose. Notable prisoners held at Côn Sơn in the 1930s included Phạm Văn Đồng and Lê Đức Thọ.</p><br>
<p>Not far from the prison is Hàng Dương Cemetery, where some of the prisoners were buried.</p><br>
<h3>Republic of Vietnam</h3><br>
<h4>"Tiger cages"</h4><br>
<p>During the Vietnam War, prisoners who had been held at the prison in the 1960s were abused and tortured. In July 1970, two U.S. Congressional representatives, Augustus Hawkins and William Anderson, visited the prison. They were accompanied by Tom Harkin (then an aide), translator Don Luce, and USAID Office of Public Safety Director Frank Walton. When the delegation arrived at the prison, they departed from the planned tour, guided by a map drawn by a former detainee. The map led to the door of a building, which was opened from the inside by a guard when he heard the people outside the door talking. Inside they found prisoners were being shackled within cramped “tiger cages”. Prisoners began crying out for water when the delegation walked in. They had sores and bruises, and some were mutilated. Harkin took photos of the scene. The photos were published in Life magazine on July 17, 1970. Recreations of tiger cages can be seen today at the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City. In response, Phil Crane, a Republican from Illinois, visited Côn Sơn and stated that the visit and photos were "distortions of truth." The tiger cages, he said, were "cleaner than the average Vietnamese home."</p><br>
<p>The prison on Côn Sơn Island was closed in 1975 after the Fall of Saigon. The facilities were reopened some years later however, to temporarily incarcerate boat people captured by local coast guards until the late 1980s.</p><br>
<h4>LORAN Station Con Son</h4><br>
<p>At the request of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, the U.S. Coast Guard started pre-construction plans for a chain of Loran-C radio stations to serve Southeast Asia 15 January 1966 in support of Operation Tight Reign during the Vietnam War. The actual construction of Station Con Son began during April with the delivery of construction materials by and award of construction contracts to Morrison-Knudsen Corp. and Brown and Root Company. Station Con Son was one of five stations in the Southeast Asia chain and was designated SH-3 Yankee. It consisted of a 625 foot tower, transmitter equipment buildings, fuel tanks, generators and barracks for personnel located on the north end of Con Son Island. just nine months after the initial request from the Department of Defense. The station provided, along with its sister stations in the chain, signals that allowed aircraft and ships to receive accurate all-weather positioning data for navigation purposes. During January 1973 the operation of the station was turned over to civilian contractors who were responsible to the United States Coast Guard for all functions of the station. The Coast Guard continued to supply logistical and technical support on an as needed basis. When the fall of the South Vietnamese government was imminent, Station Con Son was directed to stay on the air until the last possible minute to provide navigation signals to aircraft and ships fleeing South Vietnam. Station Con Son stayed on the air until 1246 local time on 29 April 1975 after the crew oversped the generators and damaged critical pieces of electronic gear.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Zillertal Alps  are a mountain range of the Central Eastern Alps on the border of Austria and Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The range is named after the Zillertal (Ziller river valley) on its north.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The range is bounded by the Tuxerjoch mountain pass to the north (separating it from the Tux Alps); the Birnlücke - Forcella del Picco pass to the east (separating it from the Hohe Tauern); the Eisack and its tributary the Rienz to the south (separating it from the Southern Limestone Alps); and the Brenner Pass to the west (separating it from the Stubai Alps).</p><br>
<h2>Sub-groups</h2><br>
<p>The Zillertal Alps are divided into the following sub-groups:</p><br>
<p>Main chain of the Tux Alps (Tuxer Hauptkamm)</p><br>
<p>Main chain of the Zillertal Alps (Zillertaler Hauptkamm) and side ridgesThis is further sub-divided as follows: Hauptkamm, Hochstellerkamm, Greinerkamm, Mörchen and Igentkamm, Floitenkamm, Ahornkamm, Riblerkamm, Magnerkamm.</p><br>
<p>Reichenspitze Group and eastern Ziller ridgesThis is further subdivided as follows: Reichenspitzkamm, Gerloskamm, Schönachkamm, Wimmerkamm, Schwarzachkamm, Zillerkamm, Klockerkarstock.</p><br>
<p>Pfunderer Mountains (Pfunderer Berge)This is further subdivided as follows: Kreuzspitzkamm, Plattspitzkamm, Wurmaulkamm, Grubbachkamm, Mühlwalder Kamm.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The main peaks of the Zillertal Alps are:</p><br>
<h2>Passes</h2><br>
<p>The main mountain passes of the Zillertal Alps are:</p><br>
<p>Cabbagetown is a neighborhood on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, abutting historic Oakland Cemetery. It includes the Cabbagetown District, a historic district listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Atlanta Rolling Mill was destroyed after the Battle of Atlanta and on its site the Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill began operations in 1881. Cabbagetown was built as the surrounding mill town and was one of the first textile processing mills built in the south. Its primary product was cotton bags for packaging agricultural products. Built during a period when many industries were relocating to the post-Reconstruction South in search of cheap labor, it opened shortly following the International Cotton Exposition, which was held in Atlanta in an effort to attract investment to the region. The mill was owned and operated by Jacob Elsas, a German Jewish immigrant. Its work force consisted of poor whites recruited from the Appalachian region of north Georgia. Elsas built a small community of one and two-story shotgun houses and cottage-style houses surrounding the mill, originally known as Factory Town or Fulton Mill Village&#39;.</p><br>
<p>Like most mill towns, the streets are extremely narrow with short blocks and lots of intersections.</p><br>
<p>There are a few explanations as to how the neighborhood received its current name. One is that the mostly transplanted poor Appalachian residents, largely of Scots-Irish descent, who worked in the nearby Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill would grow cabbages in the front yards of their houses, so that one could distinctly smell the odor of cooking cabbage coming from the neighborhood. This term was used originally with derision by people outside the neighborhood, but it soon became a label of pride for the people who lived there. A variation of this legend is that a Ford Model T took a sharp turn at one of the main intersections of Cabbagetown, flipped, and spilled its cargo of cabbages across the street. Yet another story involves a neighborhood baseball team, while Atlanta History Center documents show references to the name Pearl Park, after the daughter of a developer who built houses directly to the east of the mill houses near modern-day Pearl Street.</p><br>
<p>At its height, the mill employed 2,600 people. A protracted strike in 1914-15 failed to unionize the factory&#39;s workforce. For over half a century Cabbagetown remained home to a tight-knit, homogenous, and semi-isolated community of people whose lives were anchored by the mill, until it closed in 1977. While the mill itself was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, the surrounding neighborhood went into a steep decline following the mill closure.</p><br>
<p>Accompanying the initialization of Atlanta&#39;s intown renaissance in the early 1990s, Cabbagetown underwent tremendous growth. As with many other east side neighborhoods, revitalization was sparked by an influx of artists in the 1980s, including Panorama Ray, who operated a photo gallery on the main drag, Carroll Street. Since his death in 1997, Carroll Street has become the home popular restaurants and serves as a neighborhood gathering spot.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1996, the mill itself has been renovated into the nation’s largest residential loft community — the Fulton Cotton Mill Lofts — which houses everyone from artists and musicians to business professionals. In April 1999, a five-alarm fire severely damaged the east building which was still being renovated and several nearby homes were destroyed. The lofts nevertheless opened the following year. However, a tornado in March 2008 damaged parts of the loft complex and many of the historic homes and businesses in Cabbagetown.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The Krog Street Tunnel, which connects Cabbagetown and Inman Park, has become the city&#39;s centerpoint for street art. Street art, tags and graffiti are present in the Krog Street Tunnel and in adjacent areas of Reynoldstown notably the wall of the CSX Hulsey railyard along Wylie Street. The art in Cabbagetown is managed by the Wallkeepers Committee of the Cabbagetown Initiative, who in 2012 allowed La Pandilla from Puerto Rico and Trek Matthews from Atlanta to paint two murals at the request of the Living Walls street art organization.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood&#39;s main festival is Chomp and Stomp, a bluegrass and chili festival that takes place in November. Over the past few years, Chomp and Stomp has included a 5k road race and upwards of 16,000 attendees.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Song titled "Cabbage Town" from Conor Oberst and the Mystic Valley Band&#39;s album Outer South</p><br>
<p>Song titled "Cabbagetown" by Shawn Mullins on the album Honeydew</p><br>
<p>The Mono River is the major river of eastern Togo.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 400 km long, and draining a basin of about 20,000 km&sup2, it rises between the town of Sokodé and the border with Benin, and flows south. Along the southern portion of the river towards its mouth, it forms the international boundary between Togo and Benin. The river drains into the Bight of Benin through an extensive system of brackish water lagoons and lakes, including Lake Togo. Only the part of the river nearest its mouth is navigable. Most of the river&#39;s basin on the upper tableland is cultivated for maize, yams, rice, cotton and cassava.</p><br>
<p>The river is dammed 160 km from its mouth by the Nangbeto Dam, a partnership between Benin and Togo completed in 1987. Studies have reported economic benefits from the dam, including tourism and fishing in the lake behind it. The dams construction displaced between 7,600 and 10,000 people, however, and studies indicate that it has substantially modified the ecology of the lagoon system at the rivers mouth by reducing the natural seasonal fluctuations in river flow. A second dam project, Adjarala Dam, was proposed to be built on the river between Nangbeto and the river&#39;s mouth during the 1990s, but has not been constructed as of yet.</p><br>
<p>About 35 km from its mouth, there are six series of rapids. Below this, the river becomes slow-moving and flows over a swampy floodplain, and there is a large area of contiguous wetland in both Togo and Benin. This area has a rich growth of reeds, sedges and grasses, and manatees, crocodiles and hippopotamus occur in the river.</p><br>
<p>Gulf of Gökova  or Gulf of Kerme , is a long , narrow gulf of the Aegean Sea between Bodrum Peninsula and Datça Peninsula in south-west Turkey.</p><br>
<p>Administratively, Gulf of Gökova coastline includes portions of the districts of, clockwise, Bodrum, Milas, Muğla, Ula, Marmaris and Datça. The Greek island of Kos lies along the entry into the Gulf.</p><br>
<p>Bodrum, located in its northwest reaches, is the only large city on the gulf today. In ancient times, alongside Halicarnassus (modern-day Bodrum), the city of Ceramus, located midway along the gulfs northern shore and after which the gulf was named, was also an important urban center. Across Ceramus (Gereme) (in the modern township of ), at a short distance from the gulfs southern shore and not far from its outlying waters, was another historical site of note, called Cedrae in ancient times. Cedrae was located in Sedir Island, which was prized by visitors for its beach and of which some remains still exist.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The alluvial plain, also named Gökova, which extends to the Gulf&#39;s end, is the location of the townships of Akyaka and Gökova, with only a few kilometers separating the two. These settlements saw their populations considerably increase in recent years, with Akyaka, especially, becoming a rising center of tourism. The municipalities of both of these townships were recently created. They depend upon the town of Ula, which is accessed through Sakar Pass at an altitude of 670 meters and offers an impressive view of the Gulf. Until 1945, the hamlets across the plain, mostly marshlands ridden with malaria until that time, were collectively known as Gökabad. Consequently, the gulf and one of the settlements came to be called Gökova, a term which is often used to designate the area in which Akyaka, and not the neighboring township of Gökova, is actually prominent.</p><br>
<p>In sum, the name, Gökova, (possibly derived from Cova, the designation by which the area was known in Ottoman times) is mentioned as "Djova" in some recent English navigation charts and alternately is used for the gulf, for the plain at the end of the same gulf, for a township situated in the same plain, and as a casual term covering the emerging resort area centered in the coastal town of Akyaka. The Carian city of Idyma, with acropolis and famed rock tombs, is found at Kozlukuyu, Gökova town, inland from Akyaka. In ancient times, Akyaka was simply a suburb of Kozlukuyu.</p><br>
<p>The Tux Alps  or Tux Prealps  are a sub-group of the Austrian Central Alps, which in turn form part of the Eastern Alps within Central Europe. They are located entirely within the Austrian federal state of Tyrol. The Tux Alps are one of three mountain ranges that form an Alpine backdrop to the city of Innsbruck. Their highest peak is the Lizumer Reckner, which rises between the glen of Wattentaler Lizum and the valley of the Navisbach. Their name is derived from the village of Tux which is tucked away in a side valley of the Zillertal.</p><br>
<p>The Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps (AVE) calls this range the Tux Alps. The name Tux Prealps was declared in the 1984 edition of the AVE as outdated and not longer applicable. The reality is that the mountain range can hardly be described as "prealps" in view of their sheer extent and height. The description only makes any sense when the range is seen in the context of the Zillertal Alps to the south, which are considerably higher than the Tux Alps and permanently covered in glaciers.</p><br>
<h2>Neighbouring ranges</h2><br>
<p>The Tux Alps are surrounded by the following other ranges in the Alps:</p><br>
<p>Karwendel (to the north)</p><br>
<p>Brandenberg Alps (to the northeast)</p><br>
<p>Kitzbühel Alps (to the east)</p><br>
<p>Zillertal Alps (to the south)</p><br>
<p>Stubai Alps (to the west)</p><br>
<h2>Boundary</h2><br>
<p>To the north the lower Inn valley forms the boundary of this range from Innsbruck downstream to the Inn&#39;s confluence with the</p><br>
<p>Ziller. The Ziller valley (Zillertal) borders the range in the east from the mouth of the Ziller on the Inn upstream as far as Mayrhofen. In the south the Tuxertal valley outlines the range from Mayrhofen to Hintertux. From there the boundary continues up to the saddle of the Tuxer Joch and through the Schmirntal valley to Sankt Jodok. To the west the Tux Alps are bounded by the Wipptal valley from Sankt Jodok downstream to Innsbruck.</p><br>
<p>The Tuxer Joch saddle links the Tux Alps to the Zillertal Alps.</p><br>
<p>The Tux Alps are a popular ski touring and hiking area. Its ski resorts are Glungezer, Lizum im Wattental, Hochfügen-Hochzillertal, Penken and Kellerjoch, Patscherkofel. The Patscherkofel mountain was a venue for the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics held in nearby Innsbruck.</p><br>
<h2>Major peaks</h2><br>
<p>Lizumer Reckner,</p><br>
<p>Geier,</p><br>
<p>Kalkwand,</p><br>
<p>Rosenjoch,</p><br>
<p>Rastkogel,</p><br>
<p>Malgrübler,</p><br>
<p>Hirzer,</p><br>
<p>Glungezer,</p><br>
<p>Gilfert,</p><br>
<p>Grüblspitze,</p><br>
<p>Kellerjoch,</p><br>
<p>Patscherkofel,</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The largest part of the Tux Alps comprises low grade metamorphic rocks, that are classified as part of the Innsbruck quartz-phyllite complex (quartzitic phyllite slate). Next to this zone of Paleozoic rocks to the south there is a localised zone of various Mesozoic rocks, the so-called Tarntal Mesozoic. This complex zone belongs, like the quartz-phyllite zone, to the tectonic unit of the Lower Eastern Alps. Amongst the rocks of Tarntal Mesozoic may be found dolomite and limestones that are the basis of rock faces (Kalkwand and Torwand) in the area of the Wattentaler Lizum. On the other hand, there are also elements of the former ocean bed, in the shape of serpentinite that make up the Lizumer Reckner. The southern perimeter of the Tux Alps belongs to the tectonically deeper-lying Penninic Hohe Tauern window. Here in the Tux Alps these are mainly rocks of the Penninic Glockner Nappe (calc-schist envelope of the Tauern). The northeasternmost corner of the Tux Alps, from the area of Schwaz to Fügen im Zillertal, belongs to the Upper Eastern Alpine greywacke zone, which consists of Paleozoic rocks. Silver and copper were once extensively mined in this zone in the area around Schwaz.</p><br>
<h2>Long-distance hiking trails</h2><br>
<p>The long-distance hiking trail known as the "Munich to Venice Dream Path" (Traumpfad München-Venedig) runs through the Tux Alps. This is not an official long-distance trail. Nevertheless, the route, which was first proposed in 1977, has achieved a greater profile than many of the other trails officially established and maintained by states or rambling clubs.</p><br>
<p>The 9th day leg of the dream trail runs from Hall in Tirol up to the Glungezer Hut; the next stage over the seven tuxer summits and the Naviser Jöchl to the Lizumer Hut which is operated by the Austrian Alpine Club section at Hall.</p><br>
<p>The 10th and 11th days run from the Lizumer Hut to the Tuxer Joch Haus, then over the Pluderling Saddle and the Gschützspitze Saddle.</p><br>
<p>Other long-distance trails in the Tux Alps are the Eagle Way (Adlerweg), the Via Alpina (red), Olympic Way (Olympiaweg), Glungezer & Geier Way No. 335 (Glungezer&Geier-Weg 335), and Central Alpine Way No. 02a.</p><br>
<h2>Huts</h2><br>
<p>The following Alpine Club huts are located in the Tux Alps:</p><br>
<p>Glungezer Hut</p><br>
<p>Kellerjoch Hut</p><br>
<p>Lizumer Hut</p><br>
<p>Meißner Haus</p><br>
<p>Navis Hut</p><br>
<p>Patscherkofelhaus</p><br>
<p>Rastkogel Hut</p><br>
<p>Vinzenz Tolling Hut</p><br>
<p>Voldertal Hut</p><br>
<p>Weertal Hut</p><br>
<p>Weiden Hut</p><br>
<p>Perry Barr Reservoir is a covered drinking water reservoir, in north Birmingham, England. Built on the site of the former Perry Barr Farm, it is not, despite its name, in the modern Perry Barr area, but nearby Kingstanding, at.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is supplied by gravity from The Elan Valley, via Frankley Water Treatment Works and the trunk mains system.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir holds 83 million litres of water and supplies areas such as Kingstanding, Perry Barr, Great Barr and Witton.</p><br>
<p>When built, it was in open countryside, but its surroundings are now urban. There are two old, matching signs at the entrance. One reads:</p><br>
<p>the other:</p><br>
<p>In August 2013, Severn Trent launched a £2 million project to build a 2 1/2 mile pipeline linking the reservoir to South Staffordshire Water&#39;s Barr Beacon Reservoir, to allow for the exchange of water in emergencies such as severe droughts.</p><br>
<p>Nooksack Falls is a waterfall along the North Fork of the Nooksack River in Whatcom County, Washington. The water flows through a narrow valley and drops freely 88 feet into a deep rocky river canyon. The falls are viewable from the forested cover near the cliffs edge. The falls are a short 2/3 of a mile drive off the Mount Baker Highway, Washington State Highway 542. The falls were featured in the hunting scene of the movie The Deer Hunter.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the late 19th century, there were significant mineral discoveries being made in eastern Whatcom County and in particular the Nooksack Falls region. The richest and most significant strike was the Lone Jack Claim of 1897. Before the mine closed in 1924, approximately $500,000 worth of gold was excavated. Due to the success of the Lone Jack Claim, the area became known as the Mount Baker Mining District and produced over 5,000 claims between 1890 and 1937. One of the claims, known as the Great Excelsior Mine was located ten miles southwest of the Lone Jack Mine and only one mile from the Nooksack Falls Powerplant. In 1902, the Excelsior Claim erected a 20-stamp mill to crush the ore and a water powered turbine provided the power. In 1914, when the Excelsior Mill was rebuilt, a power line was extended from the Nooksack Falls plant to provide electricity to the mill.</p><br>
